HomeMy WebLinkAboutapparatus information (2)
DisplaysDiagnostic Engine Menu Silence Audio RPMEngine WindowDisplay Message RPM Mode Preset Button Pressure/RPM ButtonEngine Throttle Ready Throttle PressureIntake PressureDischarge
ModePressure
Seats with seat belts: 7
Engine 1
Specifications:
Number of SCBA’s with harnesses and location: 4/
1-Captain Seat, 3-Each Firefighter seat facing the
Cab Style:
rear.
2012 Spartan Gladiator by B.M.E. GVWR: 49,500
(38,240 actual) w/Hale Q-MAX 150-23L 1500
Extra BA bottles and locations: 6/2-above duals
GPM@150 PSI, Single stage pump. Gear ratio
on Captain side, 2-above duals on Driver side, 2-in
2.3:1, Primer pump Hale ESP-12V non-lubricated
Driver side front compartment.
(VIN: 4S7AUZD9XDC075952)
Height: 9’10” Length: 33’10”
Information:
Engine: Cummins 1SL9 450
Mobile data computer (MDC): Toughbook
Fuel Tank Cap: 68
The DO NOT MOVE apparatus light comes on
Crank Case Cap: 28 qt. /15W-40
after the park brake is released, regardless of
Cooling System Cap: 42 qt. extended life
transmission position.
Transmission: Allison 3000 EVS(use OD mode
when over 40 MPH), 19 qt. Dexron/Dexron II ATF
Electrical system breakers are in the Driver’s side
Fluid level may be checked in cab using the push
front compartment.
buttons. Apparatus must be on a level surface for
two minutes, Neutral selected, and park brake set
Governed Engine Speed: 2200 RPM
(Trans temp. will need to be between 140° -220°
F). Push ˄ and ˅ simultaneously, 2 minute
Jake Brake/Trans Retarder:
countdown, after countdown one of the following
will be displayed. oL oK = level correct, oL Lo1 =
Low 1 qt. etc., oL Hi1 = Hi 1 qt. etc. Press N to exit.
Steering wheel horn: When responding code to
an incident, if depressed the horn will switch the
DEF: 24 quarts; When out of station and DEF
siren from wail to yelp.
Regen starts, you can continue to operate the
apparatus. When back at station hold short on
the ramp, and allow the Regen to occur. This
Pressure relief system: FRC XE-TG400DOA
could take 20-40 minutes. Either the Manual
regen button left of the steering column or High
Idle will activate it.
Tire Pressures Recommended: Current
recommended pressure is 120 psi., Manufacturer
recommends 130 PSI front, 125 PSI rear
Capacities:
Foam Capacity: 40 gal “A” /40 gal “B”
Foam System is Foam Pro
Water Capacity: 1000 Gallons
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 1
FRC InControl Total System Manager:
Under extreme load conditions the load manager
will boost the engine idle speed automatically
after the system voltage drops below 12.8 volts
for at least one minute. The high idle will remain
active for at least 10 minutes and until the
voltage moves above 13 volts. The automatic high
idle function can be deactivated by depressing
the brake pedal.
Foam Pro proportioning system operation and
info.: Foam Pro 2002
1. You must Engage the toggle switch labeled
Deck Gun: TFT Crossfire with a capability of 1250
Generator shift in the cab. Before
GPM
engaging the pump.
Hose Reel Quantity and Location:
Generator: Harrison 6.0 MCR-16R PTO driven
hydraulic, MUST be engaged prior to the pump
being engaged.
Retrieving Pump Hours: On the FRC In-Control
message center depress the menu button until
the words pump hours appear in the message
center window.
Generator: Harrison
Pump Shift Lever: An in-cab Control is provided
(Center console) for mode selection. This control
locks in place for road or pump operation.
Warning lights are provided to alert the operator
when the gearbox has shifted from road to pump
position. Shift transmission to DRIVE, ok to pump
will light. Listen to the apparatus, know how it
sounds as it switches.
The generator is P.T.O. operated runs with
hydraulic fluid.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 2
The Home menu displays the time, voltage, and
Cab Tilt:
apparatus icon with door open and headlight
Before raising the cab insure there is frontal and
indicators. In the home mode the deck lights,
overhead clearance.
display back lighting, headlights, horn select, and
the backup alarm enabled functions are found.
The master power switch must be in the ON
position and the ignition switch must be in the
OFF position.
Retrieve the cab tilt pendant control (remote)
from under the Firefighter seat on the Captain
side.
Plug the pendant into the cab tilt outlet in the
Engineers compartment on the Captain side.
Pressing the UP button on the pendant will
engage the pump and raise the cab. Raise the cab
The warning LT menu has the individual function
until the safety support arms drop into place.
buttons for the light bar, warning lights, intersect
lights, and wig wags. The top view of the
To lower the cab pull the safety support cable
apparatus shows which doors are open.
that is located on the frame of the chassis on the
Captain side near the engineer’s compartment.
System Info menu allows access to diagnostics
Holding the safety cable, press the DOWN button
and maintenance menus
until the cab is fully lowered. Hold button until
Lighting menu function controls all outside scene
you hear locks engage. Light on pendant will go
lighting except the deck lights, which are on the
out.
home menu.
Weldon V-MUX Vista III Display:
The Vista Display console provides access to most
of the switching functions for electrical lighting.
Note that when a menu function is active in a
given window the background area of the buttons
text is darker than that of a non-active function.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 3
Extra BA bottles and locations: 4/2-above duals
Engine 2:
on Captain’s side (1) above duals on Driver’s side,
and 1 front compartment Driver’s side.
Specifications:
Preconnected hose lengths and load types:
2007 Spartan Diamond by B.M.E. GVWR 49,000
(actual 36,460), w/ Hale Q-MAX 150-23L 1500
1. Front Bumper 150’, triple fold
GPM@150 PSI Single Stage pump, Gear ratio:
2. Cross Lays 200’, triple fold
2.28:1 (VIN: 4S7BU2D937C057172)
3. Blitz line 200’, triple fold
4. Hose reel 200’ above pump panel
Height: 9’10” Length: 33’6”
Information:
Engine: ISL 400 Cummins, Engine brake
Mobile data computer (MDC): Tough book
Fuel Tank Cap: 65 gal.
The Do Not Move Apparatus light comes on once
Crank Case Cap: 24qt. / 15w-40, checked and
the park brake is released, regardless of the
filled from behind grill
transmission position.
Cooling System Cap: 34qt
Governed Engine Speed: 2200 RPM
Transmission: Allison 3000 EVP 19qt Automatic
Jake Brake/Trans Retarder
Trans Fluid Dexron/Dexron II. Can be checked
with the shift controls as follows.:
Engine 2 is equipped with both a Jake Brake and
Transmission Retarder. The Jake Brake opens
1. Apparatus parked on a level surface, in
exhaust valves in the cylinders, releasing the
neutral, fluid settled, transmission warm,
compressed air trapped in the cylinders, and
and engine idling. 2. Depress both the up
slows the vehicle. The Retarder directs oil to the
and down arrow simultaneously. Display
retarder housing to absorb the vehicle’s energy
through the drive shaft. Either will increase
will read oL OK, ol Lo, ol Hi and a
chances of a skid in slippery conditions.
corresponding number for number of
quarts off.
Steering wheel horn:
When responding code to an incident, if
Tire Pressures Recommended: Current
depressed the horn will switch the siren from wail
recommended pressure is 120 PSI, 130 PSI front,
to yelp.
125 PSI rear per BME spec. sheet
Pressure relief system: Class 1 “Captain” Pressure
Governor
Water Capacity: 1000(994) gals. Poly Tank
Miscellaneous:
Seats with seat belts: 7
Number of SCBA’s with harnesses and location: 4/
1-Captain Seat, 3-Each Fire fighter seat facing the
rear.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 4
RPM mode: The engine will ramp up slowly and 3. Foam available from cross lays, bumper
then ramp up faster if the INC or DEC buttons are line, and booster reel.
held for more than 3 seconds. Governor will 4. When complete turn off proportioner,
maintain last speed attained. turn foam selector to flush and flush lines.
Increases of 50 PSI above last input. Governor Foam uploads instructions:
may reduce engine RPM’s to keep it below 50 PSI
& (PSI LIMIT) is displayed.
(Pressure/Water Loss): If discharge pressure
drops below 30 PSI for any reason, engine speed
will not be increased. Display will flash (INTAKE)
during low pressure condition. If discharge
pressure drops and the governor is unable to
regain pressure within 4 seconds (INTAKE) will
flash, and governor will reduce speed to the last
point a pressure was achieved and (OPERATOR)
will be displayed.
If discharge pressure drops below 30 PSI
(OPERATOR) will flash. If pressure above 30 PSI is
not regained within 5 seconds, engine will return
1. Connect upload fill hose and strainer to
to idle & (LOSUPPLY) will display. Once D/O
desired foam barrel.
determines adequate supply they will have to
press MODE – INC and/or PRESET to reinstate
2. Connect hose with valve to upload
governor.
connection on pump panel.
(CAVITATE) is displayed if the PSI dropped below
3. Start apparatus motor.
25 for at least 5 seconds.
4. Turn Foam Upload selector valve to
Deck Gun: The deck gun on engine 2 is a TFT
desired foam tank to be filled.
Crossfire with a capability of 1250 GPM.
5. Ensure that the valve on the foam upload
Foam Pro proportioning system operation and
hose is in the inline or open position.
info.
6. Push and hold desired foam upload button
Foam Capacity: 40 gal “A” Foam/40 gal “B” Foam
to engage foam upload pump.
System is Foam Pro 105-2002, variable-flow
7. When foam tank is full, the foam upload
variable-rate direct injection.
pump will stop operating automatically.
Foam discharges: Cross lays, booster reel, and
8. When upload pump stops, release upload
bumper line (A & B Foam)
button.
1. Turn the foam selector to desired type of
9. Turn foam upload hose valve to off.
foam.
2. Turn on the foam proportioner.
10. Turn foam upload selector valve to “Flush
to Ground” position.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 5
11. Detach and drain residual foam from foam
fill hose back to foam barrel.
12. Connect double female garden hose
connector to foam upload fill connection
on pump panel.
13. Connect garden hose and turn on.
14. Push and hold foam flush button.
15. When clean water is running from
There are 2 ways to engage the generator.
underneath the apparatus, shut off the
garden hose and remove fitting.
2. Engaging the Fire Pump automatically
engages the generator.
16. Return foam upload selector valve to the
3. Engage the rocker switch labeled
off position.
Generator shift in the cab.
Rinse the outside of the siphon tube that goes
into the foam barrel and flow clean water
through foam fill hose, valve, and strainer.
Generator: Harrison
The generator provides AC power to outlets
mounted on the engine. It also powers all scene
lights, which are controlled from the cab.
Class 1 Total System Manager:
Under extreme load conditions the load manager
The generator is P.T.O. operated runs with
will boost the engine idle speed automatically
hydraulic fluid.
after the system voltage drops below 12.8 volts
for at least one minute. The high idle will remain
active for at least 10 minutes and until the
voltage moves above 13 volts. The automatic high
idle function can be deactivated by depressing
the brake pedal.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 6
Retrieving Pump Hours: Depress the select button. Hours will appear.
On the Class 1 message center depress the menu
button until the word hours appear in the
message center window.
Pump Shift Lever: An in-cab Control is provided
(right of Steering Wheel) for mode selection. This
control locks in place for road or pump operation.
Warning lights are provided to alert the operator
when the gearbox has shifted from road to pump
position. Manual pump shift, works but the air
system would need to be bled off, to release
pressure on both sides of the pump shift.
After the word hours appear in the window
depress the select button. The next window will
say PTO hours.
If the electric pump shift does not work, there is a
secondary pump shift in the pump compartment.
Righthand side, chrome toggle handle. Flip toggle
up, put transmission in drive, pump will engage.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 7
Cab Tilt:
Before raising the cab insure there is frontal and
overhead clearance.
The master power switch must be in the ON
position and the ignition switch must be in the
OFF position.
Retrieve the cab tilt pendant control (remote)
from under the firefighter seat on the Captain
side.
The Home menu displays the time, temperature
Plug the pendant into the cab tilt outlet near the
inside and outside, and voltage. In the home
front bumper on the Captain side.
mode the deck lights, display back lighting, and
the backup alarm enabled functions are found.
Pressing the UP button on the pendant will
engage the pump and raise the cab. Raise the cab
The warning LT menu has the individual function
until the safety support arms drop into place.
buttons for the light bar, warning lights, intersect
lights, and wig wags. The top view of the
To lower the cab, pull the safety support cable
apparatus shows which doors are open.
that is located on the frame of the chassis on the
Captain side near the engineer’s compartment.
Holding the safety cable, press the DOWN button
until the cab is fully lowered. Hold button until
you hear locks engage, and light on control
pendant goes out.
Multiplex Vista Display:
The Vista Display console provides access to most
of the switching functions for electrical lighting as
well as climate control. Note that when a menu
System Info menu allows access to diagnostics
function is active in a given window the
and maintenance menus
background area of the buttons text is darker
than that of a non-active function.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 8
Secondary menu function controls all outside
scene lighting except the deck lights, which are on
the home menu.
Heat and A/C mode controls the climate. Depress
the climate mode button to scroll through in cab
climate functions.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 9
Pressure c DisplaysDiagnostiEngine Menu Silence Audio RPMEngine WindowDisplay Message RPM Mode Preset Button Pressure/RPM Pump ButtonIdle Engine ThrottlePump LightReady Throttle
PressureIntake Pump PressureDischarge Pump Mode
Information:
Engine 3:
Specifications:
Mobile data computer (MDC): Toughbook
The Do Not Move Apparatus light comes on once
Cab Style:
the park brake is released, regardless of the
2015 Spartan Gladiator by B.M.E. GVWR: 49,500
transmission position.
(actual: 39,060) w/Hale Q-MAX 150-23L,
1500GPM@150PSI Single stage pump, Gear ratio:
Governed Engine Speed: 2200 RPM
2.3:1, Primer pump: Hale ESP-12
Height: 9’8” Length: 33’9”
Jake Brake:
The Jake brake has a low, medium, and high
Engine: Cummins ISL 9 450
setting.
Fuel Tank Cap: 65 Gallons
Steering wheel horn:
Crank Case Cap: 28 quarts 15W-40
When responding code to an incident, if
Cooling System Cap: 43.5 quarts
depressed the horn will switch the siren from wail
to yelp.
Transmission: Allison 3000 EVS (use OD when
over 40 MPH), 19 quarts ATF TES 295
Pressure relief system: FRC TG400D0A
Tire Pressures Recommended: Current
recommended pressure is 120 psi. Manufacturer
recommends 130 PSI front, 125 PSI rear
DEF Capacity: 24 quarts
Water Capacity: 1000 Gals.
Miscellaneous:
Seats with seat belts: 7 w/alarms
Number of SCBA’s with harnesses and location: 4/
FRC InControl Total System Manager:
1-Captain Seat, 3-Each Firefighter seat facing the
Under extreme load conditions the load manager
rear.
will boost the engine idle speed automatically
after the system voltage drops below 12.8 volts
Extra BA bottles and locations: 6/2-above duals
for at least one minute. The high idle will remain
on Captain side, 2-above duals on Driver side, 2-in
active for at least 10 minutes and until the
Captain side front compartment.
voltage moves above 13 volts. The automatic high
idle function can be deactivated by depressing
Pre-connected hose lengths and load types:
the brake pedal.
4. Front Bumper 150’, triple fold
5. Cross Lays 200’, triple fold
6. Blitz line 200’, triple fold
7. Hose reel 200’ above pump panel
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 10
Foam Pro proportioning system operation and To lower the cab, pull the safety support cable
info.: that is located on the frame of the chassis on the
Foam Capacity: 40 gal “A” /40 gal “B” Captain side near the engineer’s compartment.
Foam System is Foam Pro 2002 Holding the safety cable, press the DOWN button
Foam Discharges: Cross lays, booster reel, until the cab is fully lowered. Hold button until
bumper line (A & B foam) you hear locks engage, and light on control
pendant goes out.
Deck Gun: The deck gun on engine 2 is a TFT
VMUX Display:
Crossfire with a capability of 1250 GPM.
The VMUX console provides access to most of the
switching functions for the electrical lighting, and
Generator: Harrison 6.0 MCR-16R, PTO driven
apparatus information. This system is a touch
hydraulic
screen. Note that when a menu function is active
The generator must be manually engaged prior to
in a given window the background area turns
the pump being engaged.
lighter on upper functions, on lower functions it
shows as below with the home button.
Retrieving Pump Hours:
Pump Shift Lever: An in-cab Control is provided
(right of Steering Wheel) for mode selection. This
control locks in place for road or pump operation.
Warning lights are provided to alert the operator
when the gearbox has shifted from road to pump
position. Manual pump shift, works but the air
system would need to be bled off, to release
pressure on both sides of the pump shift.
The Home menu displays the time, voltage, will
Cab Tilt:
display when headlights are on, when doors are
Before raising the cab insure there is frontal and
open, and display a seatbelt icon to alert of
overhead clearance.
unbelted occupants.
The master power switch must be in the ON
position and the ignition switch must be in the
OFF position.
Retrieve the cab tilt pendant control (remote)
from under the firefighter seat on the Captain
side.
Plug the pendant into the cab tilt outlet in the
Captain side engineers compartment.
The above screen appears when the lighting menu
Pressing the UP button on the pendant will
button is pressed on the Home screen. Allowing
engage the pump and raise the cab. Raise the cab
control of all white scene lighting except the
until the safety support arms drop into place.
telescoping lights, and deck lights. Which are located
in the Secondary menu, pictured below.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 11
Touching the seatbelt icon on the home page, will
activate this page allowing the driver to see unbelted
as well as occupied seats.
On the Warning menu view, the On Scene Whites
button will activate all white scene lights from the
telescoping lights to the rear of the apparatus.
Dash display, allows you to retrieve vital information
at a glance. Mileage and engine hours are retrieved by
using the left buttons on the lower left gauge display.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 12
Pressure relief system: Class 1 “Captain” Pressure
Engine 6:
Governor
Specifications:
Cab Style: E-One
2000 E-One w/ Hale QMAX 150-23L, 1500 GPM @
150 PSI Single Stage pump, Gear ratio: 2.3:1
Height: 9’6” Length: 32”10”
Engine: ISM 450 Cummins 450 HP @ 1800 RPM
Fuel Tank Cap:
RPM mode: The engine will ramp up slowly and
Crank Case Cap: 40qt. 15w-40
then ramp up faster if the INC or DEC buttons are
held for more than 3 seconds. Governor will
Cooling System Cap: 46 quarts (50/50)
maintain last speed attained.
Transmission: Allison 3000 EVP Automatic Trans
Increases of 50 PSI above the last input, Governor
Fluid Dexron/Dexron III, 38 quarts
may reduce engine RPM’s to keep it below 50 PSI
Tire Pressures Recommended: Current
and (PSI LIMIT) is displayed.
recommended pressure is 120 psi. Check tire for
If discharge pressure drops below 30 PSI for any
specifics.
reason, engine speed will not be increased.
Water Capacity: 1000 gals. Poly Tank
Display will flash (INTAKE) during the low pressure
condition.
Primer Pump: Primer pump is lubricated by Anti-
Freeze (LowTox)
If discharge pressure drops and the governor is
unable to regain pressure within 4 seconds
Miscellaneous:
(INTAKE) will flash, and governor will reduce
Seats with seat belts: 6
speed to the last point a pressure was achieved
and (OPERATOR) will be displayed.
Number of SCBA’s with harnesses and location: 5/
1-Captain Seat, 4-Each Fire fighter seat in rear.
If discharge pressure increases above 30 PSI
Extra BA bottles and locations: 4/2-above duals
(OPERATOR) will flash, If pressure above 30 PSI is
on Captain side 2 above duals on driver’s side.
not regained within 5 seconds, engine will return
to idle and (LOSUPPLY) will display. Once the D/O
Information:
determines adequate supply he/she will have to
press MODE, INC and/or PRESET to reinstate the
Mobile data computer (MDC): Tough book
governor.
Steering wheel horn:
When responding code to an incident, if
(CAVITATE) is displayed if the PSI dropped below
depressed the horn will switch the siren from wail
25 for at least 5 seconds.
to yelp.
Governed Engine Speed: 2200 rpm
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 13
Deck Gun: The deck gun on engine 2 is a TFT “B” foam 40 gals.
Crossfire with a capability of 1250 GPM.
Generator: Onan
Generator is a 6000w Onan with a Kubota diesel
engine, receives fuel from onboard supply.
There are 2 ways to engage the generator.
1. Engage the rocker switch labeled start
GEN stop above the windshield driver’s
The deck gun valve can be operated from the
side.
main panel or from the top of the truck by the
2. Use switch on pump panel under the class
deck gun. Valve is electronic, hold open until fully
1 message center. Down to pre-heat /up
open.
to start
Hose Reel Quantity and Locations: 200’ Engine
27 has one hose reel, on top driver side, above
the panel.
Class 1 Total System Manager:
Front Bumper Line: 150’ of 1 ¾”
Under extreme load conditions the load manager
Foam System: Foam Pro 2000 series variable-
will boost the engine idle speed automatically
flow variable-rate direct injection.
after the system voltage drops below 12.8 volts
for at least one minute. The high idle will remain
“A” Foam 40 gals.
active for at least 10 minutes and until the
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 14
voltage moves above 13 volts. The automatic high
idle function can be deactivated by depressing
the brake pedal.
Retrieving Pump Hours as well as Engine Hours:
On the Class 1 message center depress the menu
button until the word hours appear in the
message center window.
Depress the select button. Hours will appear. To
find engine hours continue pressing the menu
button.
After the word hours appear in the window
depress the select button. The next window will
say PTO hours.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 15
Pump Shift Lever: There is an in-cab Control (right
of Steering Wheel near the driver’s Rt. knee) for
mode selection. This control locks in place for
road or pump operation. Warning lights alert the
operator when the gearbox has shifted from road
to pump position. Neutral middle position allows
for manual pump engagement. This allows air on
both sides of the pump shift assembly to bleed
off.
Emergency pump shift: Place apparatus in
neutral, pump shift lever in neutral, shut down
Toggle switch provides power to tilt the cab
the engine. Employ manual override procedure
at the shift cylinder on the pump gearbox. (should
There is a manual lift inside the panel as well
be an eyebolt on the shaft, OUT for pump/IN for
road). If at first this does not work, rotate the
drive shaft to align gears.
Cab Tilt:
Zico Electric Operated Ladder Brackets:
Before raising the cab insure there is frontal and
overhead clearance.
Master ignition switch must be in the ON position
The master power switch must be in the ON
To operate the Zico ladder bracket, use the toggle
position
on the Captain Side panel. Ensure compartment
doors below the ladder brackets are closed for
Open the cab release door on the Captain Side
proper operation.
panel to access the controls for the hydraulic
pump.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 16
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 17
automatically shut down and will not restart
Engine 7:
without resetting the timer. Lined shut down
timer. Timer’s location is under the dash Captain’s
Specifications:
side.
Cab Style: Cyclone Pumper
1994 E-One w/ Hale 1500 GPM, at 150 psi Dual
Stage pump, with adjustable pump packing.
Primer pump uses 30W oil for primer lubrication.
Engine: 8V-92TA Detroit Diesel
Fuel Tank Cap: 65 gal.
Governed Engine Speed: 2225 RPM
Crank Case Cap: 25qt. / 15w-40
Foam:
Cooling System Cap: 59qt
“A” Foam 40 gals.
Transmission: Allison HT-740 31qt cap. Automatic
“B” foam 40 gals. Use the rear crosslay.
Trans Fluid Dexron/Dexron II
“B” Foam operating instructions:
Tire Pressures Recommended: Current
1. Select foam percent
recommended pressure is 120 psi. Check tire for
2. Pull foam discharge handle. (rear crosslay,
specifics.
Pre-connect 2 only)
Brake system: Rockwell Cam Brake System w/
3. Pull educator handle.
Rockwell WABCO Vehicle Control System. (ABS)
4. Turn foam handle
5. Set pump at 200 psi.
Capacities:
To Cease Foam operation:
Foam Capacity: 40 gal “A” Foam/40 gal “B” Foam
1. Turn off foam handle
Water Capacity: 1000 gals. Poly Tank
2. Decrease psi to 100 psi.
3. Turn flush knob.
Seats with seat belts: 4
4. Rotate foam % selector
5. Operate for 3 minutes.
Number of SCBA’s with harnesses and location: 4/
6. Push in educator.
1-Captain Seat, 1-Each Fire fighter seat, 1- top
7. Close foam discharge handle. ( rear
front compartment on driver’s side.
crosslay)
Extra BA bottles and locations: 4/2-above duals
on each side of apparatus.
Information:
Mobile data computer (MDC): Tough book
MDC reset button: When the computer has been
running for an extended amount of time without
the vehicle being driven or ran, the computer will
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 18
Opticom:
B Foam Run Time Foam Amount of
@ 200 Capacity water used
The opticom will not reset automatically upon
PSI
releasing the park brake. The operator must cycle
the master emergency light switch.
½% @ 95 8000 Gal.
80 Minutes 40 Gallons
GPM of Water
When responding code to an incident and the
driver sets the parking brake the opticom will
1% @ 95 40 Minutes 40 Gallons 4000 Gal.
shut off. To get the opticom to start again switch
GPM of Water
the emergency master light off then on again.
3% @ 95 14 Minutes 40 Gallons 1360 Gal.
Pump Shift Lever: An in-cab Control is provided
GPM of Water
(left of Steering Wheel) for mode selection. This
control locks in place for road or pump operation.
6% @ 95 6.5 Minutes 40 Gallons 640 Gal. of
GPM Water Warning lights are provided to alert the operator
when the gearbox has shifted from road to pump
position.
Generator: 3000wt. Onan Diesel
Relief Valve: Model 40 ELK VIC
The generator receives fuel from the fire
Deck Gun: The deck gun on engine 3 is a TFT
apparatus fuel supply.
Crossfire with a capability of 1250 GPM.
Has its own independent oil supply. 30wt.
Hose Reel Quantity and Locations: 200’ each:
Engine 3 has two hose reels, 1 on top driver side,
Pre-heat for 30-60 seconds, if outside
the other is on the front bumper
temperature is freezing pre-heat for 60 seconds.
All generator operated lights must be off when
started.
Transfer Valve Operation:
Keep valve in pressure mode unless you
anticipate flowing water more than 50% of the
pumps capacity.
While the switch can be done at any pressure, it is
highly recommended to reduce the pump
pressure before switching. The engine speed
should especially be reduced when switching
from volume to pressure operation with hand
held hoses in use.
When operating in volume or RPM the trucks
RPM will be much higher for a given pressure.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 19
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 20
In-Control
Foam Pro
Governor
Tank Fill
Primer
Generator
Tank to
display
pump
Electronic
Pump
Deck Gun
Intakes
Valve
Foam
Selector
Valve
2015 BME Pump Panel layout
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 21
Foam Pro
In-Control
Governor
Tank Fill
4” Discharge
valve
Primer
Generator
Tank to
display
pump
Electronic
Deck Gun
Pump
Valve
Intakes
Foam
Selector
Valve
2012 BME Pump Panel layout
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 22
Class 1
Governor
Foam Pro
Monitor &
4”
Discharge
Valves
Generator
Display
Primer
Intakes
Foam
Selector
Valve
Foam
Upload
2007 BME Pump Panel layout
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 23
Class 1
Foam Pro
Governor
Electric
Monitor
Control
Valve
Foam
Selector
Valve
Primer
Pump
Intakes
2000 E-One Pump Panel Layout
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 24
Generator
Foam Pro
Controls
“A” Foam
“B” Foam
Instructions
Pressure
Relief Valve
Change
Over Valve
Primer
Throttle
Intakes
1994 E-One Pump Panel
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 25
LADDER 1
2019 Pierce Velocity 100’
Engine: Cummins X15 600hp
Transmission: EVS 4500 6 speed
Waterous 2000 GPM pump, with air primer
84,000 GVW
47 ¼” long
12’2” height
19 ¼” width with outriggers deployed
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 26
LADDER 1
1989 Grumman Panther (Aerial Cat)
Waterous single stage. 1500 GPM pump, primer pump is oil lubricated.
The 3 RED lines: 1500 RPM maximum with PTO pump engaged. (Protects the PTO)
200 PSI to Bucket, limits pressure on the waterway. Relief valve set @225PSI
20 PSI (minimum inches of vacuum). (Reduces chance of cavitation)
21-511 (5087 shop #)
73,500 lbs.
47’ long
18’ span (8’ w/o Outriggers deployed)
Front brakes: air disc
Rear brakes: air drum
110 volt breaker box is in the right engineers compartment
Generator is powered by diesel
1000’ of 4” hose
Water tank fill line is 1”
Fire pump seals are mechanical
Rear water port is for Tower inlet and Pump discharge. (Consider it as two independent ports)
Cathodic protection is diecast zinc screens. (All intakes, check periodically)
Auxiliary cooling system to cool engine is from the discharge side of the pump
2 ½” intakes on both pump panels
Piping between water tank and intake side on pump is 2 ½”
Shower nozzle is capable of 100 GPM (Bucket Protection)
Maximum payload while not performing water operations is 800lbs (Fully Extended)
Maximum payload while performing water operations is 400lbs (Fully Extended)
Maximum vertical reach is 102’
Maximum horizontal reach is 92’
Hydraulic oil reservoir tank holds 70 gallons (right side of ladder on top of pump housing)
When checking levels of tank all cylinders need to be retracted
The emergency hydraulic pump is powered by 12 volt DC (Under left front outrigger)
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 27
There are 3 different locations in which to operate the emergency pump. (Turntable, R outrigger
control panel). To operate either disengage PTO press & hold button, and operate levers. 7 minute
operating time, 90 minute cool down (make it count)
The outrigger/ ladder system prevents the operation of the ladder until all 4 outriggers are in the
load support position. (Green lights indicate adequate pressure. Check load by shaking outriggers
as you pin)
The water swivel on the aerial water way is 5” – 4 ½” – 4” @ the bucket
The outrigger/ladder interlock system prevents operation of the outriggers once the aerial has
been elevated
The fly section is a dual cable system
The mid-section is an extension cylinder system
The master/slave cylinders is a pair of hydraulic cylinders capable of maintaining a level platform
The automatic pendulum level sensing device is located in the platform
The key activated switch for manually adjusting the platform is on the turntable
Ladder can be operated at the turntable and the platform
The breathing system is 277 cubic feet each (544 CF total)
The dead man switch if for ladder operations
Ladder can be used in up to 50 MPH winds (with ropes attached)
200 Gallon tank
rd
Use 3 gear around town
Tandem axle is for slippery road conditions
Bed ladder carefully with a little pressure
1989 cost of a the truck $428,512
21,500 front axle, 52,000 rear axles
475 HP @ 2100 RPM
100 Gallon fuel tank
248” wheel base
Tire Pressure 125 PSI front, 115 PSI rear
300’ 2 ½” in compartment
Flow monsoon @ 175 PSI (200PSI max.) 1500GPM discharge rate
PTO and Ladder power off before moving apparatus
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 28
ARFF 4
2019 Rosenbauer Panther
VIN# 1R94AF684JW490029
Job# 104541
Water pump – Rosenbauer N80 2,100GPM
1. Dash Panel and Controls
2. Basic Apparatus Information
A. GVWR, 37,350 lbs. (Empty)
B. Top Speed 75 mph
C. 110’ turning radius
D. Gradeability Ascend / Descend 50%
E. Length 34’, Width 10’, Height 12’
F. Fuel Capacity 80 gals.
G. Engine: Volvo Penta D16 6 cylinder (700 HP), 32 quarts 15w-40
H. Transmission: TD61-1179 6 speed fully automatic, 80 quarts 10w Hydraulic Oil
I. Tire Pressures: 85 PSI cold
3. Fire Extinguishing Systems
A. Water
a. Water tank 1600 gallons.
b. Roof and Bumper turret high flow lasts 2 min./ low flow 4 min. of water
c. Roof and Bumper turret has a discharge rate of 750 GPM in high flow, and 400 GPM in low
flow.
d. Can be engaged or disengaged while stationary or at speeds up to 30 MPH. If moving take
foot off accelerator for just a second, then you can push it again.
B. Foam (AFFF)
a. Foam tank is 200 gallons.
b. Foam is proportioned at 3%. (Around the pump proportioner)
c. 48 Gallons of foam are used per tank of water (4+ tanks of water per tank of foam).
d. Available to all discharges, except window deluge system.
C. Dry Chemical:
a. Tank capacity is 500 pounds of Purple K dry chemical
b. Nitrogen Gas is used as the propellant – 1900 PSI minimum pressure, 2640 max.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 29
c. Dry Chemical is use as a supplement to water/foam systems to quickly knock down
flammable liquid fires. Foam blanket should then be applied to prevent re-ignition
d. Bumper Monitor discharge rate 19 PPS (about 20 seconds)
e. Right side hand line reel discharge rate is 6 PPS
f. System total discharge rate 22 PPS (about 20 seconds)
g. When using the bumper hand line reel the transmission must be in neutral and the brake
must be set
h. Blow down procedure must be completed anytime system is charged (follow instruction
in cab of ARFF truck)
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 30
ARFF 5
1995-1996 Oshkosh T-1500
10T9L5BH5V1053854 (VIN 53854)
Service# 1041569 (18002226635)
Single stage centrifugal (1520GPM @ 230 PSI)
1. Dash and Panels (instrument controls)
2. Basic apparatus information
A. 50,000 GVWR, 43,740 loaded.
B. Top speed is 65 MPH
C. 93’ turning radius
D. Grade ability – 60% (30°) fore & aft, 57% (28°) side hill, Climbing – 18” wall
E. 31’4” Length, 9’4” Width, 11’6.5” Height
F. Fuel capacity 67 gals.
G. Apparatus transmission in NEUTRAL & Parking Brake set – Crash Mode.
H. Apparatus transmission in NEUTRAL & Parking Brake off – Used for flushing the system when
foam was used. “fool system”.
I. Transmission – Allison HT750DR, 5 speed Automatic – ATF fluid, 34 quarts
J. Engine – Detroit 8V92 (575 HP) – 15W40, 26 quarts (High Idle set @ 1100 – 1300 RPM)
K. Power Divider – ATF 32.8 quarts, Aux. Generator – 15W40
L. Tire pressures – 35 PSI Optimum off-road - 65 PSI Optimum on-road
3. Fire Extinguishing Systems
D. Water
e. Water tank 1500 gallons.
f. Roof turret high flow lasts 2 min./ low flow 4 min. of water
g. Roof turret has a discharge rate of 750 GPM in high flow, and 375 GPM in low flow.
h. Bumper turret 5 min. of water.
i. Bumper turret has a discharge rate of 300 GPM.
j. Normal pump pressure is 230 PSI with engine RPM’s of 2250-2300. (DO NOT ENGAGE PUMP
WHEN RPM IS OVER 1000 !!)
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 31
k. Tank fill time at 80 PSI is 2 min.
l. Maximum fill pressure is 80 PSI.
m. 0 sec. rule: If not flowing water shut pump off.
E. Foam (AFFF)
e. Foam tank is 210 gallons.
f. Foam is proportioned at 3%. (Around the pump proportioner)
g. 45 Gallons of foam are used per tank of water (4+ tanks of water per tank of foam).
h. Available to all discharges, except window deluge system.
F. Dry Chemical:
a. Tank capacity is 450 pounds of Purple K dry chemical
b. Nitrogen Gas is used as the propellant – 1900 PSI minimum pressure, 2640 max.
c. Dry Chemical is use as a supplement to water/foam systems to quickly knock down
flammable liquid fires. Foam blanket should then be applied to prevent re-ignition
d. Roof turret discharge rate is 16 PPS
e. Bumper hand line reel discharge rate is 6 PPS
f. System total discharge rate 22 PPS (about 20 seconds)
g. When using the bumper hand line reel the transmission must be in neutral and the brake
must be set
h. Blow down procedure must be completed anytime system is charged (follow instruction
in cab of ARFF truck)
G. Pre-Connected Handlines
a. Located in left and right side front lower compartments
b. 150 ft. of 1 ½ hose with Akron nozzle
c. Capable of discharging water and foam
d. Flow rate is 95 GPM at 100 PSI
e. Transmission must be in neutral with brake set to flow capacity
f. All hose must be removed from compartment to remove pin which allows line to charge
g. Hand lines can be activated from within the cab after deployment
h. Plastic pins have to be manually replaced when operation is complete
E. Roof Turret:
a. Capable of discharging Water, Foam and Dry Chemical
b. High flow foam/water rate – 750 GPM – 2 minutes of water
c. Low flow foam/water rate – 375 GPM – 4 minutes of water
d. Dry Chemical rate – 16 PPS
e. Pump and role operation from driver’s seat
F. Bumper Turret:
a. Capable of discharging Foam and Water
b. Flow rate foam/water – 300 GPM – 5 minutes of water
c. Pump and role operation from driver’s seat
G. Bumper Booster Line:
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 32
a. Dual agent booster line
b. Water/Foam flow rate of 60 GPM
c. Dry chemical flow rate of 6 PPS
H. Side Discharges:
a. Located in left and right side middle lower compartments
b. 2 ½” side discharge hose connection
c. Capable of discharging water and foam
d. Must be gated to proper pressure (not over 100 psi) This discharge is NOT automatically
gated
e. Transmission must be in neutral and break must be set
f. If foam is required you must open the manual foam meter valve located in the left side
middle lower compartment and set as required.
I. Under Truck Nozzles
a. Used to protect the vehicle by applying foam or water directly under while driving.
J. Deluge System
a. Nozzles (4) mounted above the windshield used to keep the windshield cool during
firefighting operations
b. Uses an electric 4 GPM water pump with an independent supply from the water tank.
c. Water only 40 PSI max. pressure, 3.5 – 5.0 GPM (nominal 4.09 @ 20 PSI).
K. Refractor test procedure
a. Lob foam solution into a five gallon bucket.
b. Let the solution settle to get a liquid.
c. Flush all discharges
* Roof Turret, Bumper Turret, Bumper Line, 1 ¾” and 2 ½” discharges, Under Trucks.
* Bumper Line – Truck running, toggle water on, and flow until clear. Truck off blow down
Line with air (toggle water switch)
* 1 ¾” and 2 ½” gravity flow
d. Test control sample with refractor, document on form. Test apparatus foam solution with
refractor, document on form.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 33
Heavy Brush Truck (B-2)
A. Basic Information
1. The heavy has a DT 466 International motor.
2. The heavy is equipped with an 18 HP Briggs motor that powers a Wajax 4 stage BB4 110 GPM pump
with an electric start with a ripcord back up.
BB4 Flow Chart
GPM @ PSI
110 @ 25
110 @ 50
105 @ 100
90 @ 150
80 @ 200
70 @ 250
50 @ 300
36 @ 350
15 @ 400
0 @ 450
3. The heavy has an 800-gallon tank with a 100-gallon reserve tank
4. 15-gallon A foam storage tank.
5. 15-gallon unleaded fuel cell for the pump motor.
6. The heavy has a Robwen foam system with a flow mix model 500 foam proportioner. The flow mix
has a 5-gallon capacity. (See operator’s manual for operating instructions.)
7. The heavy has three 1.5” discharge ports.
8. The heavy has two booster reels with 300 feet of ¾ inch wild land hose on each reel.
9. Heavy has two overboard draft points both 1.5” inlets; one on driver side near cab and one at rear
of truck near pump panel.
10. 2-1/2” tank fill at rear of truck.
11. Pump relief valve - setting 160 PSI.
12. Pump Cooler located above the pump panel.
NOTE: Pump recommended to run 50-100 PSI
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 34
B. Special Features
1. Equipped with a Han-Dee primer
2. Zerk fitting on pump must be greased with white lithium grease after every 10 hours of pump use.
“Do not over grease.”
C. Pump Operation
1. Priming the pump.
NOTE: Do not run pump before priming the system.
The best way to prime the pump is through the suction valve off the main tank. The pump can also be
primed using the reserve tank suction valve.
a. Shut all discharge valves.
b. Open primer valve.
c. Ensure tank suction or draft valve is open.
d. Operate Han-Dee primer. “Han-Dee primer will automatically shut off when system is primed.”
e. Shut primer valve.
2. Starting the pump.
a. Turn pump power switch on.
b. Pull choke.
c. Turn pressure override to “start”.
d. Slightly advance the throttle.
e. Depress starter switch or pull ripcord.
f. When motor starts, push in choke.
g. Advance throttle to at least 50 PSI.
h. Return pressure override switch to the “Run” position.
NOTE: If you do not flow water right away, open tank fill valve to re-circulate water. Remember, the relief
valve is set at 160 PSI. It will not re-circulate water until 160 PSI.
i. Open discharge and flow water at desired pressure.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 35
D. Robwen Foam System Operation
1. To make foam.
a. Turn the flush valve to the foam position.
b. Turn the selector valve to the foam position.
c. Turn the metering valve to the desired setting.
2. To refill the flow mix tank.
a. Turn selector valve to the refill position.
b. Operate the refill pump.
c. Tank is full when water stops discharging from the overflow line.
3. To flush system.
a. Turn the selector valve to the foam position and the metering valve to 1%.
b. Turn flush valve to the flush/off position.
c. Close discharges or nozzles with pump running.
d. Rotate metering valve 360 degrees.
e. Turn selector valve and metering valve to the off position.
E. Cab Information.
1. Ether Start is not operational at this time.
2. 4WD rocker switches.
a. The Transfer switch transfers from high to low range.
b. The Front Axle switch engages and disengages the front axle.
Note: When operating these switches, the truck must be at a full stop, after disengaging the front
axle run the truck in reverse for about 10 feet.
Note: Ensure the tank overflow valve is shut when driving and open while pumping.
Note: When leaving rough terrain check the dual tires for rocks and debris.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 36
Freightliner Heavy Brush Truck (B-3)
A. Basic Information
1. The heavy is a model year 98 and has a Cummins diesel motor.
2. The heavy has a 900-gallon tank and no reserve tank
3. The heavy has a Robwen foam system with a flow mix model 500 foam proportioner. The
flow mix has a 5-gallon capacity. (See operator’s manual for operating instructions.)
4. The heavy has three 1.5” discharge ports.
5. The heavy has two booster reels with 300 feet of ¾ inch wild land hose on each reel.
6. Heavy has two overboard draft points both 1.5” inlets; one on driver side near cab and one
at rear of truck near pump panel.
7. 2-1/2” tank fill at rear of truck.
8. Pump relief valve - setting 160 PSI.
9. Pump Cooler/recirculation valve is a 2.5-inch line and needs to be shut when flowing water
to maintain usable pressures.
NOTE: Pump recommended running 50-100 PSI
B. Special Features
1. Equipped with an electric rotary vein oil less primer pump.
2. Has a gear box type set up and no grease zerk to grease.
C. Pump Operation
1. Priming the pump.
NOTE: Do not run pump before priming the system.
The best way to prime the pump is through the suction valve off the main tank.
a. Shut all discharge valves.
b. Ensure tank suction or draft valve is open.
c. Pull primer pump handle.
2. Starting the pump.
a. Turn pump power switch on.
b. Open tank to pump valve.
c. Turn starter/glow plug switch to glow plug until light goes off.
d. Turn starter switch to start until motor starts.
e. When motor starts, slightly advance throttle.
f. Make sure you have pressure on the pressure gauge.
NOTE: If you do not flow water right away, open tank fill valve to re-circulate water.
Remember, the relief valve is set at 160 PSI. It will not re-circulate water until 160 PSI.
g. Open discharge and flow water at desired pressure.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 37
D. Robwen Foam System Operation
1. To make foam.
a. Turn the flush valve to the foam position.
b. Turn the selector valve to the foam position.
c. Turn the metering valve to the desired setting.
2. To refill the flow mix tank.
a. Turn selector valve to the refill position.
b. Operate the refill pump.
c. Tank is full when water stops discharging from the overflow line.
3. To flush system.
a. Turn the selector valve to the foam position and the metering valve to 1%.
b. Turn flush valve to the flush/off position.
c. Close discharges or nozzles with pump running.
d. Rotate metering valve 360 degrees.
e. Turn selector valve and metering valve to the off position.
E. Cab Information.
1. 4WD rocker switches.
a. The Transfer switch transfers from high to low range.
b. The Front Axle switch engages and disengages the front axle.
Note: When operating these switches, the truck must be at a full stop, after disengaging the
front axle run the truck in reverse for about 10 feet.
Note: When leaving rough terrain check the dual tires for rocks and debris.
2. Equipped with a transmission retarder to be used when descending steep grades. The extra
pedal on the driver’s side. The transmission still needs to be shifted into a lower gear and
then the retarder can be used in place of the breaks.
3. The truck motor has a twist hand throttle next to the steering wheel that can be used for a
high idle or cruise control.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 38
I. Tenders
A. Basic Tender Information
1. 21-312 is an International with a 750 GPM single stage Darley champion KSP750 pump,
while 21-331 is a Ford with 500 GPM single stage Darley KSP500 pump.
a. PTO driven pumps.
b. 312 has an electric throttle while 331 has cable driven throttle.
312 must be over 800 RPM for the electronic throttle to engage.
c. Remote controlled relief valve.
Darley relief valves.
312 has a manual shut off on the Capt. Side while 331 has one located on the
pump panel.
d. Electric 25 in. Hg. positive displacement vein pump primer.
2. 3000-gallon booster tank
a. 3000-gallon dump tank
b. 1500-gallon dump tank
3. Pump intake ports
a. 4” right side hard suction port.
b. 4” left side hard suction port
c. 2 ½” left side drivers’ inlet
4. Discharge ports
a. Two 150 ft. pre-connect 1 ¾” hose lines
b. One 200 ft. booster line (no booster line on 331)
c. Two 2 ½” discharge ports
Right side 2 ½”
Left side 2 ½” with 4” stroz connection.
5. Fill ports
a. One gate valve at rear of the truck with 4” storz connection.
b. Tank fill recirculate on pump panel.
6. Dump
a. One 10” dump port. (312 has a 90-degree elbow that can be added).
b. Mechanical dump valve located on rear dump.
c. 312 also has a electronic remote dump valve switch located inside the cab.
7. Pump recirculate- from pump discharge to tank.
8. Engine cooler - goes from the discharge side of the pump to the heat exchanger.
9. Total ground vehicle weight 53,220 when full.
a. 13,220 on the front axle.
b. 40,000 on the rear axle.
10. Acceleration and stopping is also a problem.
11. Clearance on Tender #1 is 9’5”.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 39
B. Pump Operations
1. Set park brake.
2. Start Engine
3. Ensure transmission is in “NEUTRAL”.
4. Engage PTO
a. Wait for “OK to Pump” light to come on (green on 312 and red on 331).
5. Set wheel chocks
6. Operating from an onboard tank.
a. Open tank to pump valve.
Prime as needed.
7. Operating from a draft.
a. Connect hard suction hose to hard suction port.
b. Connect suction strainer to hard suction hose.
c. Submerge strainer in tank or draft source, prime as needed.
8. Crack open discharge port.
9. Observe pump discharge pressure gauge.
a. When pump is primed the discharge pressure gauge will show a pressure reading.
b. Stop primer pump and increase throttle as needed.
c. Open discharge as needed.
d. Pump at desired pressure.
e. When not flowing remember to re-circulate.
10. Normal operating range (Engine temp. 160 to 200 degrees).
C. Priming the Pump
1. Pull and hold the priming knob out to engage primer until pump is primed (no more than
30 sec.). The sound of the primer will become labored as this occurs.
2. Push priming knob in.
3. If pump will not prime or loses prime:
a. Check to see if all drains and valves are closed, including pump cooling line.
b. Is suction hose fully submerged?
c. Are suction hose gaskets in place?
d. Tighten suction hose couplings.
D. Nursing Operations
1. Supply the pumper at 80 to 100 PSI with a 2.5” supply line.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 40
Two Stage Pump Pumping Exercise
1. Engage Pump
a. Bring apparatus to a full stop and set brake.
b. Shift the drive transmission into neutral.
c. Operate pump shift lever slowly with slight pause in neutral position to transfer power from the drive axle to
the pump drive.
d. Shift the truck transmission into drive.
2. Putting pump into operation
a. Exit cab.
b. Chock one wheel front and back.
c. Open tank to pump valve.
d. Set transfer valve to proper position.
e. Increase engine RPM.
f. Open a discharge or recirculate water if none is flowing.
3. Transition to external water supply
a. Connect supply line to gated intake.
b. Open bleeder valve.
c. Call for water.
d. Close bleeder valve when air is expelled.
e. Open intake valve slowly and close tank to pump valve.
f. Adjust throttle.
g. Crack open tank fill valve.
h. Re-fill tank.
4. Operating from a static water source (draft)
a. Connect hard suction and strainer to gated intake, make sure all connections are tight.
b. Slowly open gated intake and slowly close tank to pump to establish a draft.
5. Starting a draft with the primer pump
a. Make pump operational.
b. Open gated intake.
c. Pull primer until a reading on the discharge gauge is achieved.
d. Increase throttle and slowly open discharge.
Note: Operate primer 10-15 seconds and not more than 30 seconds.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 41
Governor Control Apparatus Exercise
1. Engage Pump
a. Bring apparatus to a full stop.
b. Shift transmission to neutral.
c. Operate pump shift lever slowly with a slight pause in the neutral position.
d. Shift the truck transmission into drive.
2. Pump Operation
a. Exit the cab.
b. Chock one-wheel front and back.
c. Open tank to pump.
d. Set electronic pressure governor control to “pressure” mode.
e. Open the required discharge.
f. Push “preset” button. (The governor is preset at 150 psi)
3. Transition to external water supply
a. Connect supply line to gated intake. (Tender or hydrant)
b. Open bleeder valve.
c. Call for water.
d. Close bleeder valve when air is expelled.
e. Slowly open intake valve and close tank to pump. (The engine rpm will slow at this point don’t get excited
the governor is adjusting the pressure)
f. Crack open the tank fill and refill the tank.
4. Operating from a static source
a. Connect hard suction and strainer to the gated intake make all connections air tight.
b. Slowly open the gated intake. (The engine rpm will ramp up)
c. When the draft is made slowly shut the tank to pump.
d. Crack open the tank fill valve and slowly fill tank.
5. Starting a draft with a primer pump
a. Make pump operational.
b. Set governor to “pressure” mode.
c. Run at an idle.
d. Open the gated intake.
e. Pull the primer until a reading on the discharge gauge is achieved.
f. Bring the pressure up to 50 to 100 psi.
g. Slowly open a discharge.
h. Bring discharge to desired pressure 150 psi.
i. While drafting and not discharging, re-circulate water through the booster line.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 42
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 43
rd
IFSTA Pumping and Aerial Apparatus Driver Operator Notes 3 Edition
Chapter 4: Positioning Apparatus
1. Positioning for Fire Attack
Pull past the front of the building if no fire is evident. This allows the personnel on the apparatus to view
three sides of the building.
Consider the best access point for personnel and equipment entering the occupancy when parking the
apparatus.
Remain with the apparatus in the event connections for water supply or FDC connections need to be made
or assist in pulling attack lines and operating the pump.
Rescue situations. Life safety is the first tactical priority at any incident. Position for efficient
deployment of ground ladders (or aerial device).
Exposures. Position to effectively protect exposures, including the apparatus. Do not park where
possible high levels of radiant heat, falling embers, or other products of combustion.
Water supply. Establishing water supply is a primary concern of the driver/operator and company officer
in the placement of the pumper. The possibility may arise that you will have to lay your own supply line.
Remember that LDH, may block access of later-arriving apparatus (minimize this when possible).
Method of attack. Ensure that you are in a position where the apparatus will be most effective. Whether
flowing attack lines, or fixed water nozzles, also be cognizant of building collapse and apparatus exposure.
Hose line deployment. Position to better support the deployment of hose lines for fire attack or supply
lines to FDC’s. Also consider accessibility of water supply to the pumper.
Wind direction. Position upwind whenever possible.
Terrain. Park on hard surfaces, be aware of snow/ice buildup in cold weather conditions. Park uphill
when possible to avoid being in runoff. Exception is during wildland fire attack.
Roadway response. Position the apparatus in a manner of location that will be safe from the hazard of the
incident and protect personnel from traffic. Leave room for ambulances in the safe zone of the apparatus.
Structural collapse. 1 ½ times the height of the building, corners when practical.
Pre-incident planning. Know your response area and hazardous buildings. Indicators to the IC’s
decision to withdraw firefighters and apparatus include buildings with reinforcement rods which may be
identified by ornamental stars or bolts, bulging walls, traveling exterior cracks, and falling bricks.
Overhead utility lines.
Falling debris. Safety zone around high-rise buildings (five stories or taller), debris could travel as far as
200’.
2. Positioning to Support Aerial Apparatus
If a building is less than 5 stories tall, pumper should be position on the side of the street closest to the
building. In cases of buildings greater than 5 stories tall, pumper should be positioned on the outside of
the street furthest from the building.
When in a relay pumping operation with an Aerial. Position at close as possible to reduce friction loss.
3. Dual pumping
Operation where a strong hydrant is used to supply two pumpers by connecting the pumpers intake to
intake. The second pumper receives the excess water not being pumped by the first pumper, which is
directly connected to the water supply source.
4. Tandem pumping
Short relay operation in which the pumper taking water from the supply source pumps to the intake of the
second pumper, the second pumper then boosts the pressure of the water even higher. This method is used
when pressures higher than the capability of a single pump are required.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 44
5. Positioning Wildland Fire Apparatus
Structure Protection
Park off roadway to avoid blocking other apparatus and evacuating civilians if condition permit.
Clear away any nearby brush that my serve as fuel for the fire.
Position on the leeward side of the structure to minimize exposure to heat and embers.
Be nearby but a safe distance from the structure in order to keep hose lines short.
Keep doors and window closed to keep burning material out.
Place A/C on recirculate.
Avoid close proximity to power lines, large trees, LPG tanks or other pressurized vessels, and exposed
structures.
Wildland Fire Attack
Use an anchor point (natural or man-made barrier) that will prevent fire from encircling the vehicle and
crew. Typical anchors are roads, lakes, ponds or burned areas.
Reduce speed and use spotters in areas of reduced visibility.
When stationary position the vehicle in the direction of an exit path, wheels straight, chocked and the e-
brake engaged.
Do not cross bridges unless vehicle is within the known capacity of the structure.
Do not ford water ways.
Safety Guidelines
Position in a safe area and do not leave unattended.
Communicate with the entire operating crew.
Keep headlights on whenever the engine is running.
Back into a position facing an escape route.
Close all window and doors.
Establish an anchor point before fire attack.
If fire is spreading rapidly upslope, flank the fire from the sides instead of a direct frontal attack.
Position to maximize protection from heat and fire taking into consideration of hazards.
Keep a charged line ready for apparatus protection.
Do not drive apparatus into unburned fuels higher than vehicle undercarriage.
Position using black areas whenever possible, allow for loss of water or mechanical failures.
6. Special positioning situations
Staging
Level I: Approximately one block away, in the direction of travel close to a water source and do not allow
apparatus to be blocked.
Level II: Used on large-scale incidents where a larger number of fire and emergency services companies
are responding. Sent to a remote location to await assignment.
Highway Operations
Use sirens only to clear slow-moving traffic. If you run with lights and sirens on roads where apparatus is
not capable of speed of traffic, we will only confuse drivers and possibly delay our response.
Once on scene reduce the amount of warning lights as much as possible. Especially forward facing lights
including headlights that will distract oncoming traffic.
Pump panels should be facing the scene, if at all possible.
Hazardous Materials Incidents
Obtain information regarding wind speed and direction from the dispatcher or direct observation.
Approach from upwind and uphill
Do not drive the apparatus directly to the scene until the material involved can be identified.
Position apparatus and personnel well short of the scene until the nature of the hazard can be determined.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 45
7. Notes from articles on apparatus placement
Traffic inconveniences are not nearly as important as protecting the firefighters and the victims. Place the
apparatus where it is highly visible and fare enough away from the working area that if struck it will not
impact the primary scene.
Prioritize actions based on presentation. If the most pressing hazard to the rescuers and victims involves
fuel and combustion, then get a line charged first. If the most-pressing hazard involves extrication, then
support the extrication first. Extinguishers and water cans can be effective band-aids or even permanent
solutions depending on the hazard. Remember to apply the three M’s (mitigate, manage and monitor)
The driver is like a resource officer. His primary job, initially, is to provide a working tool cache to
perform the extrication officer.
The best rescue drivers are omniscient. They have a strong understanding of the techniques and tools of
the company. They can assess the scene and intelligently predict what is going to take place. The crew
should be able to walk back to a tool cache, and the tools they want are there and ready.
Driver-Engineers share the responsibility with the officers of their units to also consider secondary means
of access and egress to the fire building – in other words, there may be more than one route to the scene.
Poor apparatus placement is often a result of the negligence or inexperience of the driver.
Apparatus accidents or damage from having to move or reposition.
Delay in getting initial lines (and backup lines) in place.
Delays in water supply. Without water, the fire does not go out!
Delays in search and rescue and having the available personnel on scene to conduct searches.
Delay in ventilation.
Fire intensifies.
Firefighter is injured or killed.
The bottom line is that we must do a better job of policing ourselves on the fireground and positioning
correctly to prevent the above problems.
Take the time to know where you are going. Do not rely on others (bystanders) to tell you the best place to
be. Do your own size up, and then give the incoming companies a visual picture of the scene.
Apparatus positioning done wrong from the start is nearly impossible to fix once done.
Think S.L.O.W., it will help position properly every time.
First, the S. That’s easy, S for SLOW. Slow down when you enter the block or street. Get out of the
firehouse as fast as possible, drive as quickly and safely as possible, and they when you enter the street or
block, SLOW DOWN.
Second, the L which stands for LADDERS HAVE PRIORITY. Not just the aerial, but the ground
ladders as well. In this day of limited staffing on our ladder companies, giving ladders priority on the
fireground makes everything work better, not to mention safer.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 46
Third, the O that stands for OBSERVE ALL CONDITIONS. Be observant of all conditions while you
approach the fireground. Not just the fire itself, but exposures, vehicles blocking egress, power lines,
falling debris and most of all, the collapse zone. Remember to get out of the rig.
Last, the W which stands for WATER SUPPLY. Where is the best for this fire? Not the closest
necessarily, but the one which allows you to leave the front of the structure open for the truck.
With units coming in behind you and supply lines being laid, once you are set, you are there for the
duration. Slowing down and giving some thought, as difficult as this is in reality, will provide you with
some valuable time to make a decision that can steer your scene down the road to success. You only get
one opportunity to place your apparatus right, after that you are committed. Good or bad, positioning will
dictate your fireground.
Remember you are positioning a $350,000 to 1,000,000 exposure.
Everyone on the apparatus should be aware of the capabilities to be able to assist with positioning.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 47
Chapter 5: Principles of Water
1. Water between 32°F and 212°F exists in a liquid state. Below 32°F it converts to a solid state called ice.
Above 212°F in converts to a gas called water vapor or steam.
2. Water is considered to be virtually incompressible, and its weight varies with temperature. For fire protection
purposes water is considered to weigh 62.4 lb./ft³ (7.5+) or 8.3 lb./gal.
3. Water extinguishes fire in several ways. It can cool or absorb heat from the fire, as well as smother (exclude
oxygen from) fires. It can also smother fire in combustible liquids with a specific gravity greater than 1.
Smother may also occur when water converts to steam in a closed space.
4. Advantages of water:
Water has a greater heat-absorbing capacity than other common extinguishing agents.
A large amount of heat is required to change water to steam, allowing more heat to be absorbed from the
fire.
The greater the surface area of water exposed, the more rapidly heat is absorbed. The amount of surface
are can be increased with the use of a fog stream or deflection of a solid stream off an object.
At 212°F water converted to steam occupies approximately 1,700 times its original volume, helping to
dissipate heat in a well-vented room. The expansion ratio is even greater at higher temperatures.
Water is generally inexpensive and is a readily available commodity.
5. Disadvantages of water:
Water has a high surface tension that makes it somewhat difficult to soak into dense materials
Wetting agents (foam) may be mixed with water to reduce its surface tension and increase its penetrating
ability. Water may be reactive to certain fuels, combustible metals, sodium metal, and triethyl aluminum.
In cold weather climates, the 32°F freezing temperature of water may create operational problems such as
frozen pumps and hose lines. Safety hazards such as ice dams and slippery surfaces can also occur.
Water is a good conductor of electricity.
At 8.3 lbs./gal. water is a relatively heavy agent. Accumulations of water within a structure cane lead to
an increased potential for structural collapse.
6. Water pressure and Velocity
Pressure – Force per unit area exerted by a liquid or gas measured in pound per square inch (psi).
Force – Simple measure of weight, usually expressed in pounds.
To understand these; three objects of the same size will exert equal force spread over a large area. Stack
the same three objects on top of each other, the force is the same but the area is smaller. So a cubic foot of
water is 62.4 lbs. x 3 = 187.2 lbs. over 3 square feet, stacked you will now have 187.2 lbs per square foot.
Principles of pressure:
1 – Fluid pressure is perpendicular to any surface on which it acts. 2 – Fluid at rest is the same intensity in
all directions. 3 – Pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted equally in all directions. 4 – The
pressure of a liquid in an open vessel is proportional to its depth. So as the height of the container
increases, so does the pressure. 5 – Pressure of a liquid is proportional to its density. 1 inch of mercury
exerts the same pressure as 13.55 inches of water. 6 – Pressure of a liquid at the bottom of a vessel is
independent of the shape of the vessel. No matter the shape of the vessel, if the cross section at the
bottom is the same, the pressure applied is the same.
Atmospheric pressure – 14.7 psi at sea level, for every 1000 ft of elevation we subtract .5 psi. 1 psi
applied to mercury will raise it 2.04 inches. So, at sea level a column of mercury would read 29.9 inches.
Head pressure – refers to the height of water supply above the discharge orifice. To convert head in feet to
head pressure, you must divide the number of feet by 2.304.
Static pressure – is stored potential energy available to force water through pipes, fittings, hose and
adapters. Static means at rest or without motion.
Normal Operating Pressure – The pressure found in a water distribution system during normal
consumption demands.
Residual Pressure – is the portion of the total water pressure not used to overcome friction loss or gravity
while forcing water through pipes, fittings, hoses, or adapters.
Flow Pressure – the forward velocity pressure is considered flow pressure. If the opening size is known a
pitot tube can be used to determine the GPM flowing.
Elevation Pressure – pressure will increase or decrease as the elevation of the nozzle moves above or
below the pump center-line.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 48
7. Friction Loss
Principles of friction loss
a. If all other conditions remain the same, Friction Loss increases as the length of the hose increases.
b. Hose of the same size, Friction Loss increases (varies) approximately with the square of the velocity
of the flow (velocity is proportional to flow). 3” hose @ 200 GPM = 3.2 PSI, increased to 400 GPM =
12.8PSI (2²), increased to 600 GPM = 28.8PSI (3²)
c. When the flow remains constant, the Friction Loss in a hose will decrease as the diameter of the hose
increases.
d. To deliver the same GPM through different size hose. Velocity must be increased in smaller hose to
deliver the same volume.
e. If the nozzle opening is decreased, the velocity of the water exiting increases, but the flow decreases.
So to reduce the friction loss, you need to reduce the speed of the water.
Reducing friction loss
a. Hose length – Reducing the length of the hose lay.
b. Hose Diameter – Use larger diameter hose for long lays. Reduce the size once closer to the fire to
produce effective steams that are manageable.
c. Sharp Bend – Improve hose handling techniques. Remove sharp bends and kinks that reduce water
flow.
8. Water hammer
As you are flowing water through a hose line, you are imparting Mass and Velocity to the water. If a
nozzle is slammed shut, these forces are returned to the pump multiplied. Causing potential damage to the
pump and city water source.
9. Means of moving water
Direct Pumping
Gravity
Combination
Water treatment facilities: Failure of the system is our primary concern.
Water distribution system
a. Primary Feeders
b. Secondary Feeders
c. Distributors
10. Valves associated with water systems
PIV (post indicator valve), OS&Y (outside screw & yoke), Non-Indicating (most common in public
supply systems, usually gate type)
11. Consumption terms
Average Daily Consumption (ADC): per day based on 1-year.
Maximum Daily Consumption (MDC): 24 hour interval within a 3-year period.
Peak Hourly Consumption (PHC): maximum in a 1-hour period on any given day.
12. Calculation of water
?
Cylinder - ??? ????ℎ ? (gals per cubic ft.)
?.????.?
Rectangle - ??????
?.?
Draft – 1.13 (constant value) x Hg on intake = Maximum lift
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 49
Chapter 9: Pump Theory
1. Positive displacement pump – Self-priming pump either piston or interlocking rotors. Moves a given (known)
amount of fluid per stroke or revolution. Aerial hydraulics or primer pumps are the most common uses.
2. Rotary Gear – Total amount of water depends on the size of the pockets in the gears & speed of rotation. A
pressure relief device must be provided. (To handle excess pressure)
3. Rotary Vane – Type of positive displacement pump commonly used in hydraulic systems. A rotor with
attached vanes is mounted off-center inside the pump housing; pressure is imparted on water as the space
between the rotor and the pump housing decreases.
4. Centrifugal pumps
With all other factors remaining the same, the amount of output pressure the pump may develop is directly
dependent on the volume of discharge. Discharge volume affects both the intake and discharge pressures.
Greater pressure is developed with increased impeller speed. With all other factors remaining constant,
doubling the impeller speed will result in 4x as much pressure. (1000 RPM=100 PSI / 2000 RPM=400
PSI)
Incoming pressures directly affect the discharge pressure. Because the water is allowed to pass through
the pump, even if it is not operating. Increases in impeller will increase the velocity of the water and
pump pressure.
Two-stage – when running in series (Pressure) you will be able to attain maximum pressure. But you will
have a corresponding loss in volume.
Switching from volume to pressure can result in the immediate doubling of the previous discharge
pressure. The maximum pump discharge pressure is recommended to not exceed 75 PSI, when operating
the transfer valve.
When in doubt run in parallel (Volume). A pump will be capable of supplying 100% of its rated capacity
@ 150 PSI @ 10’ of lift with 20’ of suction hose while drafting.
In volume each impeller imparts 50% of the pumps rated capacity.
In series (Pressure) the first stage delivers 50-70% of the pumps capacity
An increase in engine RPM’s required to pump @ rated capacity is an indication that wear rings are worn.
5. Pressure relief devices.
Intake pressure relief valves are typically set @ 10 PSI above operating pressure.
Devices must operate within 3-10 seconds after discharge pressure rises and should restrict pressure
increases from rising 30 PSI above the last set pressure.
6. Pump Panel Instruments
Master intake gauge – Measures either positive pressure or a vacuum. Usually calibrated to 0-600 PSI or
0-30 Hg. When the vacuum reading near 20 Hg, the pump is nearing its capacity, any increase could lead
to cavitation.
Master discharge gauge – Measures pressure as it leaves the pump before it reaches each individual
discharge.
Tachometer
Pumping engine coolant temperature
Pumping engine oil pressure
Pump overheat indicator
Voltmeter – Measures existing voltage in an electrical system.
Ammeter – Indicates both the amount of electrical current being drawn from and provided to the vehicles
battery, by the alternator.
Pump Pressure Indicators (Discharge gauges) – Readings taken from downstream side of the valve. Tells
actual pressure supplied to hose lines.
Pump engine throttle
Primer control
Water take level indicator
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 50
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 51
Chapter 10 Operating Fire Pumps
1. Steps in putting the pump in operation
Position the apparatus
Set parking brake
Engage the pump switch (On our newer apparatus also engage the generator)
Put apparatus in pumping gear (check to ensure indicator light comes on), but also listen to the apparatus
and check the speedometer.
Exit the cab
Chock the non-drive wheels
Open tank to pump valve
Open discharges to hose lines used, fill them slowly (re-circulate if they attack crew is not ready for water)
Increase pump discharge pressure
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 52
Set discharge pressure only after nozzle is flowing
Monitor all gauges
Re-circulate
2. Pressurized source – Hydrant or another pumper
DO NOT DROP BELOW 20 PSI residual intake pressure.
3. Static water supply (Drafting)
If the size of the intake hose INCREASED, the capacity of the pump also INCREASES.
Increasing the HEIGHT OF LIFT, will DECREASE total pump capacity.
If you are close to 22 Hg on the intake gauge. You are at the pumps capacity. Any increase in throttle will
likely result in cavitation.
Cavitation – Attempting to discharge more water than is being supplied. May occur well below rated
capacity of the pump if lift is to high.
Water temperature, Height of lift and the amount of water being discharged affect the point at which
cavitation begins.
Water temperatures should be between 35° to 90° F, any higher or lower affects pump capacity.
As the amount of LIFT required to reach the pump INCREASES, the following effects occur.
a. Elevation pressure increases
b. Less friction loss can be overcome
c. Capacity of the pump DECREASES
Pumps rated to pump capacity @ 10’ of lift.
a. If lift is DECREASED the capacity of the pump INCREASES
b. If the lift or length of hose is INCREASED the capacity of the pump DEREASES
c. A pump in good working order can lift water a maximum of 25’
d. FOR EFFECTIVE FIRE STREAMS A LIFT OF NO GREATER THAN 20’ is recommended
e. Working capacity of a 20’ lift is approximately 60% of the pumps capacity.
f. Pump should be in VOLUME. In pressure, you may trap air that will need to be removed.
Conversely, if pump is in PSI, it will give over pressure protection to handline crews.
g. Master intake gauge should read 1 Hg per foot of lift.
4. Causes of drafting failure
Open drain or valve – Air leak is the most common
Open circulator valve
Gaskets on intake hose worn or missing
Insufficient fluid in the priming reservoir
Engine speed (RPM) to low. Should be between 1000-1200 RPM.
Lift is too high
A high point in the intake hose is creating an air pocket
5. Notes of interest on drafting
Once primed and draft is established, increase throttle to reach 50 to 100 PSI before opening discharges.
Open discharges slowly, observe discharge pressure. If it drops below 50 PSI, pause and allow the system
to stabilize. Opening to fast may allow air to enter the pump, causing loss of prime.
A gradual increase in vacuum with no noted change in flow, could indicate a blockage of the strainer or
the pump intake screen.
Entire priming action typically requires 10-15 seconds, however when up to 20’ of intake hose lifting a
maximum of 10’. It may take as long as 30 seconds (45 seconds for pumps over 1250GPM)
With our 4 ½” hard suctions, maximum flow is 750 GPM.
Relay pumping – Draft in RPM, this eliminates the possibility of the supply engines getting out of sync, by
chasing the PSI set point.
6. Standpipe support operations
Add 25 PSI for the piping and 5 PSI per floor.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 53
Standard is 150 PSI, if nothing else is noted.
Do not exceed 185 PSI unless the system is known to be high pressure.
7. Important things to remember
Observe the master pressure gauge: Should increase immediately, if not prime to evacuate air. If no
change check that pump is operational, if not return to the cab and repeat procedure.
Watch your tank water level: How much water is left, how much time do you have at current flow rate.
(Grease pencil pump start time, hand line operation time, number of lines in use.)
CAVATATION
Water being discharged faster than it is coming in.
Indicators: Pulsating hose, fluctuating pump gauge, popping or sputtering as water leaves the nozzle.
Best Indicators: Lack of reaction on pressure gauge to throttle changes.
May occur well below the rated capacity of the pump if a high lift is needed during draft.
8. Nozzles
Akron Piercing nozzle
The applicator flow rate is 125 GPM @ 100 PSI. (Most effective flow at this setting)
Foam can be used through this nozzle
Crossfire (Deck Gun)
Maximum recommended flow is 1250 GPM
Maximum recommended pressure is 175 PSI
Task Force Tips
100 PSI automatic nozzles
Mid-matic nozzles
What should we pump to our cross lays (only what is needed for effective fire streams)
Connected to an 1 ¾” hose line, generally flowed at 150 GPM at 150 PSI.
Akron
Adjustable straight bore, fog nozzle
Combo 210 GPM at 150 PSI (Fog 135 GPM, Straight bore 190 GPM)
2 ½” Blitz line
60 – 80 PSI, 150 GPM at 80 PSI
High rise pack
150 GPM at 150 PSI (if flowed from pump)
Chapter 13 Water Shuttle Operations
1. Water tenders must be designed to be filled at a rate of at least 1000 GPM.
2. Capacity of tenders should be based on local water supply availability, road conditions, bridge height and
weight restrictions.
3. Capacities of less than 2000 Gal. Single axle, greater than 2000 Gal. tandem axle.
4. To be considered a tender under NIMS a pump is required. Usually 750 GPM or greater.
5. Efficiency – You can control the Fill time and Dump time. Response time and travel time are not controllable.
6. Use LDH for filling operations.
7. NFPA 1901 requires that water be capable of being dumped from the left, right or rear @ 1000 GPM.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 54
8. Success of a water shuttle operation relies on.
Location of the dump and fill sites.
Route of travel between the two sites.
Number of vehicles required to maintain a constant supply.
9. A fill site of a 1000 GPM fill rate is the optimal choice. No backing of apparatus is preferable.
10. Circular travel routes are the best, with the following safety issues addressed.
Narrow roads
Long driveways
Blind curves and intersections
Winding roads
Steep grades
Inclement weather conditions
Freezing weather
11. Fill site shuts down once continuous water supply is not needed and all tenders are full.
12. Our operations are Direct Pumping and Portable Water Tank. Nurse operation is two tenders linked together
supplying a pumper.
13. Single tank operations are good for flows of 300 GPM or less. Multiple tanks should be used above a required
flow of 300 GPM.
14. How to calculate a five-mile shuttle operation
Travel time = .65 + (1.7)(5) = 9.15 minutes.
Handling time = (2 min. + \[3000÷1000\]) = 5 min. (Fill and Dump 10 min)
Tender Flow rate = .9 x 3000 ÷ 19.15 = 138 GPM
Chapter 14 Foam Equipment and Systems
1. Foam Concentrate – Raw foam liquid in its container before being combined with water and air.
2. Foam Proportioner – Device that injects the correct amount of foam concentrate into the water stream to make
the foam solution.
3. Foam Solution – Mixture of foam concentrate and water be for the introduction of air.
4. Foam – Completed product after air is introduced into the foam solution.
5. Foam extinguishes fire by the following three methods.
Separating
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 55
Cooling
Suppressing or Smothering
6. Class A foam is proportioned @ 0.1 to 1.0 percent.
Fire Attack and Overhaul - .2 to .5%
Exposure protection - .5 to 1.0%
Air aspirating nozzle any application - .3 to .7%
CAFS any application - .2 to .5%
7. Application rates vary depending on need.
Areas that require maximum penetration will need wet foam.
Vertical surfaces will need dry foam.
Surface fuels will need medium foam to allow it to cling and penetrate.
8. Elements that effect breakdown of foam.
Heat of the fire
Ambient air temperature
Prevailing wind
9. Class B foam is proportioned @ 1 to 6%
1 to 3% for Hydrocarbon fuels
3 to 6% for Polar solvents
10. Foam expansion rates.
Low expansion 20:1 ratio of finished foam for every part of foam solution.
Medium expansion 20:1 to 200:1
High expansion 200:1 to 2000:1
11. Rates of application depend on:
Type of concentration
Whether or not fuel is on fire
Type of fuel (hydrocarbon vs. polar solvent)
Whether fuel is contained or uncontained
Calculation uses the following formula
1. Nozzle GPM ÷ Sq. Ft. of fire = GPM/ft2
12. Types of foam solution
Regular protein foams – Foam concentrate that consists of a protein hydrolysate plus additives to prevent
the concentrate from freezing, prevent corrosion of equipment and containers, prevent bacterial
decomposition of the concentrate during storage, and control viscosity.
Fluoroprotein foams – A combination of protein-based foam and synthetic foams. Surfactants are added,
which allows the foam to flow more readily than protein foam. Longer lasting vapor suppression, which
could be critical in unignited spills.
Film Forming Fluoroprotein Foam (FFFP) – Foam concentrate that combines the qualities of
Fluoroprotein foam with those of aqueous film forming foam.
Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) – Synthetic foam concentrate that, when combined with water, can
form a complete vapor barrier over fuel spills and fires and is a highly effective extinguishing and
blanketing agent on hydrocarbon fuels.
13. AFFF and FFFP applied to hydrocarbon fires:
An air/vapor excluding film is released ahead of the foam blanket.
Fast moving foam blanket spreads across the surface, surrounding objects and providing insulation.
Releases more film giving the foam the ability to “heal” when disturbed.
14. Apparatus mounted foam proportioning systems.
Installed In-Line Eductor –
Around-the-Pump Proportioner – Apparatus-mounted foam proportioner in which a small quantity of
water is diverted from the apparatus pump through an inline proportioner; there it picks up the foam
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 56
concentrate and carries it to the intake side of the pump. It is the most common apparatus mounted foam
proportioner in service.
Variable-Flow Variable-Rate Direct-Injection – Apparatus mounted foam system that injects the correct
amount of foam into the pump piping, thereby supplying all discharges with foam. The system
automatically monitors the operation of the hose lines and maintains a consistent quality of foam.
Variable-Flow Demand-Type Balanced-Pressure proportioner – Foam proportioning system that is used in
both fixed and mobile application; a variable speed mechanism drives the foam pump and automatically
monitors the flow of foam to produce an effective foam solution.
15. Foam Application techniques
Direct application
Roll-on method
Bank-Down method
Rain-Down method
16. Gelling Agents also known as Durable agents – are superabsorbent liquid polymers capable of absorbing
hundreds of times their own weight in water. Can be used as fire suppressants and fire retardants. As an
extinguishing agent it is rationed at 1%, for fire lines 1.5-2%, and structure protection 2-3%.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 57
Chapter 17 Positioning Aerial Apparatus
1. Aerial apparatus should be placed in the optimal position, due to limited mobility.
If a building is less than 5 stories, the Aerial will be placed on the outside of responding Engine companies
If a building is more than 5 stories, the Aerial will be placed on the curbside of responding Engine
companies
2. Tactical considerations
Aerials need to be placed to afford the best stability, climbing angle, and adequate extension.
Long extensions at low angles puts the maximum amount of stress on the aerial device
The condition of the building also will determine the position. If collapse is expected, position at a
distance of one and one-half times the height of the building.
3. Spotting the Apparatus
Surface conditions
Grade
Windy conditions
Electrical hazards and ground or overhead obstructions
Ange and location of aerial device operation
4. Overhead obstruction guidelines
Make sure the work area is clear of major obstacles and overhead obstructions
Maintain clearance from all overhead power lines per SOP’s
Do not work within 50 feet of high-voltage transmission lines.
Look Up and Live.
OSHA’s new standard for construction, requires 20 feet between the device and overhead electric lines of
less than 350 kilovolts. For lines over 350 kilovolts, OSHA requires 50 feet of clearance. (used to be 10
feet for lines 600 to 50,000 volts and 50 feet for lines over 50,000 volts, or if voltage is unknown)
5. Angle and location of Aerial device
Aerial devices are most stable when operated over the longitudinal axis of the truck. As the angle is
moved off center line, the load capabilities lessen. Angles perpendicular to the apparatus is the least stable
position.
Backing of rear mounted Aerial devices, will give you the most reach and stability.
6. Stress in Aerial devices conditions to be aware of
Excessive degree of angle, both horizontal and vertical, measured from the trucks center line axis.
Operation in nonparallel positions (uphill, downhill, or lateral grades)
Operation in supported tip vs. unsupported tip positions
Length of aerial device extension
Nozzle reaction from elevated master streams
Weight and/or movement of hose, water, personnel, and/or equipment on the aerial
Wind reaction
Improper operation of the aerial device (sudden starts and stops, rough operation of hydraulic controls)
Heat exposure (radiant and convection)
Ice on the ladder or platform
Impact with the building or other object
Improper stabilization
Wear caused by road travel
7. When approaching from the uphill side. Drive past the building so the aerial device can be operated off the
rear of the apparatus. When approaching from the downhill side. Stop short of the building and operate off
the front of the apparatus.
8. The maximum loading occurs on unsupported tip operation between 70° and 80° from horizontal.
9. As the amount of extension increases the load capabilities decrease, this is also true at low angles. So the
weakest operating position is low angle/long extension.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 58
Chapter 19 Operating Aerial Apparatus
1. Personnel must be anchored anytime they are not actively climbing or descending. Are actively entering or
exiting the platform, or anytime device is in motion.
2. Operate controls smoothly to prevent jerking motions
3. Wire rope hazards include
* Stay clear when operations are in progress.
* Never touch while tensioned or under load.
* Barbs could slice skin (PPE)
* Pulleys, sheaves, etc. provide pinch points.
4. D/O’s must know the following:
* Limitations of the apparatus
* Proper spotting angles
* Maximum load limits
* Safe operating practices
* Function and operations of all stabilizing power and safety devices
* Maintain visual contact with aerial device and space within which it is moved. Spotter must be used if not
5. 75-80-80 Rule – 75 degrees of elevation, 80% of extended length, 80PSI at tip for 1 ½” solid stream
(Detachable waterways)
6. Cold weather operations: NFPA 1901 allows for ¼” ice buildup
7. Signs of mechanical trouble:
* Leaking fuel
* Leaking hydraulic fluid
* Leaking water from the engine or cooling system
* Overheating of any mechanical components
* Leaking motor oil
* Unusual noises or vibrations
* Drifting of aerial device when raised.
* Gauges indicating abnormality.
* Odor of burning fluids
* Interlock failure
* Any unsafe drop in apparatus voltage with possible alarms
8. Below grade operations:
* Read manufacturer recommendations
* Most apparatus are not rated to lift loads
* Could be used as a high point
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 59
Apparatus Testing
Road test
1. The apparatus must accelerate to 35mph from a standing start within 25 seconds.
2. The apparatus must achieve a maximum top speed of 50mph.
3. The apparatus must come to a full stop from 20mph within 35 feet.
Hydrostatic test
1. The pump body as well at the entire intake and discharge piping system, with the exception of the
tank fill and tank-to-pump lines on the tank side of the valves, are subjected to a minimum
hydrostatic test pressure of 500 psi for a minimum of 10 minutes.
Performance testing of Fire Pumps
1. Site considerations: Static water source must be at least 4 feet deep, with the strainer submerged
at least 2 feet below the surface. The distance from the centerline of the pumper intake above the
surface of the water is based on capacity (10 feet is the maximum distance on our apparatus). Air
temperature between 0° and 110° F, with the water temperature between 35° to 90° F.
Barometric pressure should be at least 29 Hg, when corrected to sea level.
2. Vacuum test: Evaluates the priming device, pump and intake hose for air leaks. Apparatus is
required to reach 22 Hg, if not remove the apparatus from service.
3. Priming System test: NFPA 1911, fire pumps of 1250 GPM capacity must achieve prime in 30
seconds, and those rated at 1500 GPM must be primed within 45 seconds.
4. Tank-to-Pump Flow test: Tanks greater than 500 gallons must be capable of flowing at least 500
GPM.
5. Troubleshooting failures could be one of the following.
a. Transmission in wrong gear.
b. Lockup clutch with automatic transmission apparatus not functioning.
c. Clutch slipping.
d. Engine overheating.
e. Muffler clogged.
f. Tachometer inaccurate.
g. Engine Governor malfunctioning.
h. Insufficient intake hose.
i. Intake strainer submerged incorrectly or intake screen clogged.
j. Lift higher than 10 feet.
k. Intake hose clogged or lining collapsed.
l. Excessive air leaks on intake side of pump as a result of bad pump seals.
m. Pump impellers clogged.
n. Clearance rings that are excessively worn.
o. Malfunctioning relief valve or pressure governor.
p. Transfer valve in wrong position.
q. Malfunction of gauges.
r. Pitot gauge malfunctioning or clogged.
s. Nozzle too large or too small.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 60
Twin Falls Fire Department Pre-Pumper Testing
1. Radiator – Blow out with air hose. Rinse with garden hose from the inside out until clean.
2. Pump Compartment – Degrease and rinse with garden hose. Lube all valve linkages.
3. Heat Pan – Degrease and rinse.
4. Hydrant Test – Hook engine intake to hydrant to check for obvious leaks. Backflush pump not a bad
idea at this time.
5. Dry Vac Test – With all intakes open and capped, and all discharge valves closed and uncapped, a
vacuum of at least 22 in. Hg shall be developed. No more than 10 in. Hg should be lost in 5 minutes.
Medical gloves over the discharge valves, are a good indicator of leaks.
Back-Flushing a fire pump
Place hydrant gate valve on hydrant.
Flush hydrant until water runs clear and contains no debris.
First establish a positive water supply and open all discharge valves. Allow water to flow through the rig
in non-pump mode.
Flush for at least five minutes, then shut the hydrant down. Repeat this step with the discharge gates
closed halfway.
Hale recommends having the pump shift in pump mode and the transmission in neutral, for the next step.
It would be beneficial before the next step to remove the intake screens. Inspect them, and replace if
needed.
Close all discharge valves, connect supply line to the highest discharge and open all intake caps, this will
backflush the lower pump body. These steps will help to identify any stuck or damaged ball gate valves,
and will also flush stones and sand from the pump body.
You can lubricate the ball valves with soapy water. Place dish soap in tank water and exercise the valves.
Use spray lubricant on push pull valves.
Dry vacuum test. Drain the pump body. Remove all discharge caps and place latex gloves over the
outlets before pulling a prime. Industry standard is to achieve 22 Hg in 10 seconds, and it should not drop
below 10 inches in less than five minutes. You will be able to locate any pressure leaks by the gloves
being pulled into the discharges.
Placing the apparatus in pump. Open the tank-to-pump valve, discharge the tank water, and refill the
tank. This will remove old stagnant water from the tank, and it allows you to check the tank-to-pump
valve function, and backflush the seals in the valve.
Cleaning the drains. With the pump in gear at idle, open all discharge drains and allow them to flush for
two to three minutes. Next take the pump out of gear and open all intake drains, which will allow hydrant
pressure to backflush these drains. Flush for two to three minutes.
So in just a short time, you have just tested all your discharge and intake valves, tank-to-pump valve, the
vacuum gauge, and the discharge and intake drains for proper operation.
References:
Prep your apparatus as you prep your firefighters, Fire Engineering 02/2013
Hale fire pump back-flushing tips, Notes from engineering
MCFRS Driver Certification Program
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 61
Apparatus Maintenance
Minimize Corrosion by routinely washing/rinsing the body and chassis – including the
undercarriage.
Routine inspection of drain holes, keeping them clear to allow moisture and contaminants to exit
(i.e., door pans, battery boxes, and body compartments).
Routinely applying and reapplying nonconductive lubricants or sealants.
Replace dielectric lube in wiring connections.
Be thorough when doing your daily apparatus checks.
Oil dipstick on engines between full and add is approximately one gallon.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 62
Twin Falls Fire Department specifics:
Priming the Pump Electric Primer
The Darley electric primer should develop up to 25 in. Hg. in an air tight pumping system.
The primer is activated by a combination spring return on-off valve and electric switch. Pulling the valve out
opens the valve and closes the electrical circuit to start the motor.
Before the pump can be primed, booster line valves, drain valves, cooling line valve, and all other openings
into the pump must be closed and absolutely air tight. The discharge side of the pump is sealed by a check
valve, therefore main discharge valves need not be closed.
When operating from draft, suction hose connections must be tight and free of air leaks.
Make certain the suction hose strainer is properly submerged and free of foreign material.
The main pump drive should remain disengaged until priming is complete to prevent possible damage to the
impeller seal rings by running “dry”.
Pull the primer shutoff valve all the way out to start priming and hold open until water discharges from the
primer pump exhaust port. Push the valve all the way in to shut off the primer motor and seal it tight.
If water does not discharge from the primer exhaust within about 30 seconds, stop the primer pump, check
for air leaks and make sure the primer pump is receiving lubricating oil from its reservoir.
Engage “Pump” shift to start pumping water.
When pumping from hydrants, the primer is not needed and must be kept closed.
It may be necessary to use the primer momentarily when pumping from a booster tank when the suction head
is insufficient to force all the air out of the pump.
Operating Instructions – Electric Priming Pump
The electric motor rotary vane primer pump creates a high vacuum by continuous lubrication of the rotor and
vanes. Therefore, the primer oil supply tanks (6 quarts) should be kept full at all times. Use SAE 10 or 20
Motor Oil.
After the main pump is drained, run the primer motor to drain the primer lines and re-lubricate the primer
pump.
The #62 drill vent hole should be kept open at all times to prevent siphoning oil from the tank after the pump
is stopped. Do not increase this hole size.
Locate the oil tank where it may be conveniently inspected and filled.
Should water appear in the oil supply tank, the primer valve is leaking. Check and replace the o-ring valve
plug seal, if necessary.
Refer to “Priming the Pump” section of the Operators Manual for operating instructions.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 63
Remote Control Pressure Relief Valve with Mechanical Shutoff
Drawing G2040
The relief valve by-passes water from the pump discharge manifold back to the suction chamber at a set
pump pressure, preventing excessive rise of discharge pressure when hose lines are shut off.
Turning pressure setting handwheel (14) clockwise raises the relief pressure, and counterclockwise lowers it.
The relief valve is made inoperative and will remain closed regardless of discharge pressure when the four
way valve handle (9) is turned to the OFF position. Discharge pressure then by-passes the pilot control unit
and goes to the relief valve head.
The self cleaning fine mesh strainer will prevent entry of solids that could cause the relief valve to
malfunction. Open the strainer flush valve (5) to remove small accumulations. This is accomplished by
turning the strainer flush valve knob (5) counterclockwise 2 to 3 full turns. Strainer trapped debris will be
flushed to the ground. Pump pressure should be 50-100 PSI when performing this procedure.
Should the water supply be so contaminated that screen (63) would become plugged, the relief valve could
stay open and prevent normal build up of pump discharge pressure. In such an emergency, the relief valve
piston can be mechanically closed by turning the shutoff handwheel (65) clockwise in all the way. Under
ordinary operating conditions, this valve will seldom, if ever, be used: Therefore, this valve must be kept
fully open to allow full travel of the piston.
To Set the Relief Valve
1. Turn the four-way valve OFF.
2. Open at least one discharge valve and increase engine throttle setting until pressure gauge indicates
the pressure relief valve is open.
3. Turn the four-way valve ON.
4. If the gauge reading drops below pressure set in step 2, turn handwheel (14) clockwise until pressure
returns to the set point.
5. If the gauge reading does not drop, turn handwheel (14) counterclockwise until pressure drops 5 to 10
PSI below the set point. Then slowly turn the handwheel clockwise until the pressure returns to the
pressure set in step 2.
The relief valve will now prevent the discharge pressure from rising above which it is set, and requires no
further attention.
Should a higher or lower relief pressure be desired, repeat the above procedure.
CAUTION
With all discharge valves closed, the water in the pump casing will heat up rapidly. To avoid possible
damage, allow a very small stream of water to discharge when the pump is running.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 64
Remote Control Pressure Relief Valve with Mechanical Shutoff
Drawing G2040
Maintenance
Open the relief valve strainer flush valve (6) during every operation at 50-100 PSI to insure against foreign
material blocking the screen.
The 3/32” diameter metering orifice and diaphragm chamber (21) may be back-flushed if necessary while the
pump is delivering water by opening the pilot head drain and place valve handle (9) midway between the ON
and OFF positions.
The relief valve, pilot unit, and strainer assemblies should be taken apart for inspection and cleaning at least
annually or as often as found necessary to insure trouble free performance.
To disassemble the pilot head, first turn the handwheel (14) counter clockwise to remove spring
compression. Remove the four ¼” screws holding regulator spring housing (18). Lift out diaphragm (23)
and pilot valve (51) assembly. Clean and make certain 3/32” diameter orifice hole is free of obstructions.
When reassembling pilot head, turn handwheel (14) a few times clockwise to compress spring before
tightening the four screws holding the spring housing. This will properly center the valve seat and
diaphragm.
The valve piston (40) and spring (44) chamber should be inspected and cleaned.
Replace diaphragm and O rings if damaged or deteriorated.
Apply a thin coating of waterproof grease lubricant to the spring housing counterbore that guides the pilot
valve (51), ball (52), screw threads and end of tension screw (17), screw threads of valve stem (39), and
between piston (40) and center post.
Self-cleaning strainer (63) can be removed for inspection or replacement by alternately turning valve knob
(6) and stop nut (7) counter clockwise until stem is free for removal. To avoid discharging water thru
opening created by stem (62) removal, pump should be completely shut down before stem (62) is removed.
Inspect and clean screen (63) if required. Check quad ring (64) for damage or deterioration. Reverse
procedure to reassemble the valve. Use care when initially inserting screen into body to avoid damaging
quad ring (64) or valve seat.
To replace flush valve seat (69) remove stem/screen assembly, disconnect tubing lines attached to (61) body
half, unscrew (61) body half from (70) body half. Replace (69) valve seat. Reverse procedure to reassemble
valve.
All Darley relief valves can be provided with a micro switch and either one or two pilot lights to indicate
when the valve is open or closed.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 65
Stuffing Box
The pump impeller shaft is packed with a special, plastic metallic packing, which is injected into the stuffing
box, from an external cylinder by a screw operated plunger.
It is important that the stuffing box be completely filled solid with packing. If voids are present, pump
pressure may force packing out between shaft and box opening, enlarging the void until no packing remains.
This will not occur when packing is solid.
For pumps that have been in service, it is important to periodically check that the drip rate remains constant
at normal operating pressures and at 50 PSI. To ensure that the packing is actually solid, we recommend that
the packing screw be turned while pumping at 50 PSI until 2 to 4 lbs. resistance is felt at the end of a
standard 9/16” end wrench (12-24 in. lbs. torque). Alternate pumping at both normal pressure and 50 PSI
and observe that the drip rate remains constant between 10 to 20 drops per minute. It may be necessary to
repeat this procedure several times to achieve a stable drip rate if the packing has not been attended to over a
long period of time.
The packing cylinder holds a sufficient reserve of packing for years of normal service. Should additional
packing become necessary, the cylinder is easily refilled after removal of the threaded cylinder head and
injection plunger. It should not be necessary to remove the old packing.
Order new packing in one pound units, only from W.S. Darley and Company, or from an authorized Darley
service representative.
Never use a substitute for Darley plastic packing.
Summary of What to Remember
1. Close booster valves, drain valves, and cooling line before attempting to prime pump.
2. Always keep primer shut-off valve closed except while priming.
3. Reopen and close primer valve to re-prime or eliminate trapped air from the suction line.
4. Never run pump without water in it except momentarily while priming.
5. Accelerate and retard speed of engine gradually, and do not race.
6. Watch engine temperature and start cooling water at the first signs of overheating.
7. Keep good gaskets in suction hose, and handle carefully to avoid damage to coupling threads.
8. Air leakage into the suction line is the most frequent source of trouble when pumping from a suction
lift.
9. Always use a suction strainer when pumping from draft, and a hydrant strainer when pumping from
hydrants.
10. Foreign matter in impellers is a result of failure to use adequate strainers, and a common source of
trouble.
11. Drain pump immediately after each run.
12. Check oil level in the transmission case after each pumping run.
13. Do not run a pump long with discharge completely shut off.
14. Do not close a “shutoff” nozzle when pumping with motor throttle wide open, unless pressure
regulator is set for correct pressure.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 66
IDLE
Engine #7
Pressure mode is automatic: Preset @ 150 PSI, will adjust as lines are opened
and closed.
Pre-
RPM mode is manual: You will have to adjust the throttle and pressure
Set
manually. (BABYSIT)
MODE
OPERATOR flashing you will need to do something to get it to reset.
Steps to Engaging Pump
1. Put Apparatus in Park.
2. Engage pump shift: Make sure to engage the lever to second position. If it
is in the middle the Apparatus will shut down when drive is engaged.
3. Put Apparatus in Drive.
4. Open tank to pump and tank fill (slightly for recirculation).
5. Chock wheel.
6. Communicate that you are ready. Ask before charging any lines, or wait
for order to do so.
Tender Dump Tank Operations
1. Communication!!!!!
2. 2 ½” line to Engine 60-80 PSI. Ask Driver if they are ready before
charging.
3. Deploy dump tank (Helper)
4. Start to fill tank to allow Driver to establish draft. Do not dump full tank
until draft is established. You will lose 2 ½” nurse, and if Driver cannot
establish draft they are out of water.
5. Once draft is established the 2 ½” is shut down as you are dumping onboard
water.
6. Disconnect 2 ½” and go fill Tender.
<PUMPER
2 ½”
DUMP
TANK
<TENDER
Cavitation: Warning Signs and Reasons Why It Occurs (Handout)
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 67
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 68
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 69
I. Airport Familiarization
1. Runway and Taxiway Designation Systems
A. Runway numbers are taken from the nearest compass bearing rounded off to the nearest 10
degrees.
B. Compass bearings start at north and run clockwise from 0 to 360 degrees.
C. Runway 26 and 8, with taxiways A1-A5 from east to west (8700’)
D. Runway 30 and 12, with taxiways G-K from north to south (3200’)
2. Lighting and Marking Systems
A. Lights:
a. Blue lights outline taxiways and are usually located along the edges, about 100 feet apart.
b. White lights outline the edges of runways, with lights spaced 200 feet apart (last 2000’ amber),
and to identify runway centerlines with lights spaced 50 feet apart.
c. Green lights identify the approach end of runways and taxiway centerlines.
d. Red lights mark obstructions such as structures, parked aircraft, unserviceable areas,
construction work, and runway ends.
e. Amber lights identify locations of hold bars, which are areas that require permission from the
control tower to cross.
B. Markings:
a. White markings are used for runway identifier numbers/ letters, landing zone bars, and
centerline stripes.
b. Yellow markings are for hold bars and taxiways.
3. Airport Ground Vehicle Control
A. Uncontrolled airports are those that do not have a staffed and operating control tower.
B. Controlled airports are those that have control tower personnel that issue clearances, instructions,
and information to vehicles in aircraft operating areas.
C. The control tower can direct vehicular traffic by two-way radio on the ground control frequency or
with light signals.
D. Radio frequencies: 118.2 (Tower), 121.7 (Ground)
E. Light signals:
a. Flashing green light – Clear to proceed across or down the runway.
b. Steady red light – Stop! Do not proceed.
c. Flashing red light or flashing runway lights – Clear active runway or landing area immediately.
d. Flashing white light – Return to fire station or starting point.
e. Alternating green/red flashing light – Non-specific general warning. Exercise extreme caution
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 70
4. Airport Ramps
A. Pedestrian traffic
B. Fueling operations
C. Baggage handling
D. Service vehicle movements
E. High-voltage electrical feed to aircraft from mobile auxiliary power units (APUs)
F. Aircraft maintenance operations
G. HAZMAT being shipped and/or transferred
5. Terminals
A. Life safety – May be heavily occupied by people unfamiliar with exit locations
B. Baggage handling and storage areas – May be heavily loaded with combustible baggage and cargo
C. Jetways – May provide a means for smoke and flame spread from one area to the other
6. Other Facilities
A. Aircraft hangers – Welding and cutting operations with flammable liquids in the area. They may also
have office areas.
B. Air freight buildings – Combustible storage and HAZMAT.
C. Tower – High concentration of electrical equipment and difficult entry due to security measures.
Limited egress.
7. Grid Maps
A. Grid systems using rectangular coordinates.
B. Map must include a 5-15-mile radius from the airport control tower.
C. Maps must be furnished to all with a legitimate interest.
8. Water and Fuel Supplies
A. Fixed systems – Hydrants and their locations.
B. Mobile systems – Fire apparatus and water tenders.
Fuel:
A. Fuel tanker traffic and off-loading areas.
B. Fuel storage tanks.
C. Fuel distribution areas, including piping.
D. Fuel transfer areas on the airfield.
E. Shutoff switches at fuel loading and fuel transfer areas.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 71
Miscellaneous Information
Aircraft Rescue and Firefighting: Index (We are Index B)
A. Aircraft 90-126 feet in length.
B. Five or more daily departures of the longest aircraft.
C. Index B ARFF vehicle requirement:
a. 500 pounds of dry chemical.
b. 1500 gallons of water and proportional quantity of AFFF.
c.
II. Fire and Rescue Communications
1. Airport Communication Systems
A. Audible alarms.
B. Direct-line telephones
a. Control Tower: 734-7160
b. Skywest: 734-6232 (ext. 10)
c. Reeder’s: 733-5920
d. BLM Tanker Base: 735-6505
e. Airport Manager: 733-5215
308-7215 (cell)
f. Airport Operations: 308-7315
g. Matt Barnes: 308-7236
C. Radio and Telephone communications
a. Proper radio and telephone use.
Observe the following guidelines for proper radio/ telephone use:
1. Speak directly into the microphone with lips not more than 1 ½” from the microphone.
2. Speak distinctly, calmly and clearly.
3. Pronounce each word carefully, but convey messages in natural phrases, not word by word.
4. Use conversational tone and a moderate speed.
5. Speak only as loudly as you would in an ordinary conversation. If surrounding noise interferes,
speak louder, but do not shout.
6. Try to speak in a low-pitched voice, because low-pitched tones transmit better than high-pitched
ones.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 72
When calling another unit over the radio observe the following guidelines:
1. First, identify the unit being called.
2. Second, identify the unit that is calling.
3. Keep the message brief and to the point.
4. Use common terminology.
5. Repeat numbers and difficult words (and important messages) as necessary.
6. Use phonetic spelling when necessary.
D. International Aviation Organization Phonetic Alphabet.
A – Alpha N – November Zero – Zero
B – Bravo O – Oscar One – Wun
C – Charlie P – Papa Two – Too
D – Delta Q – Quebec Three – Tree
E – Echo R – Romeo Four – Fower
F – Foxtrot S – Sierra Five – Five
G – Golf T – Tango Six – Sicks
H – Hotel U – Uniform Seven – Seven
I – India V – Victor Eight – Eit
J – Juliet W – Whiskey Nine – Niner
K – Kilo X – Xray
L – Lima Y – Yankee
M – Mike Z – Zulu
E. Terminology
Broadcast- Transmission of information for which acknowledgement is not expected.
Confirm- Verify or check
Correction- An error has been made in the transmission and the corrected version follows.
Downwind Leg- A flight path parallel to the landing runway in the direction opposite to landing.
ETA- Estimated time of arrival
Expedite- Prompt compliance is required.
Final Approach- A flight pat in the direction of landing along the extended runway centerline.
Flameout- Loss of combustion in jet engines resulting in the loss of engine power.
Go Ahead- Proceed with your transmission.
Hold Your Position- Do not proceed remain where you are.
How Do You Hear Me- A question relating to the quality of the transmission or to determine how well
the transmission is being received?
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 73
Immediately- Action is required without delay.
I Say Again- The message will be repeated.
Low Approach- An approach over an airport or runway were the pilot intentionally does not make
contact with the runway.
Make a 90, 180, or 360- Instructions normally given by the tower to aircraft or ground vehicles indicating
the degree of turn to be executed.
Make Your Best Time- Expedite
Mayday- The international radio distress signal.
Minimum Fuel- Indicates that an aircraft’s fuel supply has reached a state were, upon reaching the
destination, it can accept little or no delay before landing.
Missed Approach- A maneuver executed by a pilot whenever a final approach cannot be completed into
a landing.
Negative- NO. Permission not granted.
Out- The conversation is ended and no response is expected.
Over- My transmission is over and I expect a response.
Overhead Approach- A series of predetermined maneuvers prescribed for the arrival of military aircraft
(often in formation) for entry into the visual flight rules (VFR) traffic pattern and to proceed to a landing.
Prop Wash/ Jet Blast- Wind blast created behind an aircraft with engines running.
Proceed- Go or Go to.
Read Back- Repeat the message back to the sender.
Received- Message has been received and understood.
Repeat- Request operator to say again.
Roger- Message received and understood.
Say Again- Request to repeat last transmission.
Speak Slower- Request a reduced rate of speech.
Stand By- The person transmitting will pause and those receiving transmission should await further
transmission.
Stand By To Copy- Prepare to receive detailed information that should be written down.
That Is Correct- Indicates agreement with how message is understood.
Unable To- Indicates inability to comply with a specific instruction, request or clearance.
Verify- Request confirmation or information.
Visual Flight Rules (VFR)- Rules that govern the procedures for conducting flight operations under
conditions of clear visibility.
Wilco- Indicates that an order or request will be complied with.
Wind Direction and Velocity- Wind direction is given in the nearest 10 degrees, and velocity is given in
knots. A report of “wind at 330 at 10” would mean the wind was blowing from 330 degrees at 10 knots.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 74
Words Twice- Indicates that communication is difficult, request that every phrase be said twice.
F. Signals for aircraft accident operations
Back out or retreat – Per TFFD Evacuation SOP
Apparatus running out of agent – Flash headlights and sound siren
Open or close hand line – Tap had firmly on desired nozzle barrel
Change hand line nozzle/stream pattern – Place wrists together and clap hands
Advance with hand line – Pat shoulder
Back out with hand line – Tug coat tail sharply or with hands in front of the chest, give series
of pushing motions
ARFF personnel to Pilot hand signals – Illustrations
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 75
G. Call Signs
Airport manager: “Airport One” Airport Operations: “Airport Ops”
ATCT: “Ground” or “Tower” TFFD: “Fire Command”
EMS: “Medic One” TFPD: Assign call sign
TFSD: Assign call sign County Coroner: Assign call sign
III. Aircraft Rescue and Firefighting Procedures
1. Overheated Landing Gear
A. Cool naturally if possible (Peak temperature will be reached between 15 and 20 min. after the plane has
stopped.)
B. Water application- Apply short intermittent streams (5-10 seconds in length) apply every 30 sec.
2. Tire/ Wheel Failures
3. Tire/ Wheel Fires
A. Approach from the fore or aft, NEVER in line with the axle! Approach from the tread or you are DEAD!
B. Dry Chemical is preferred- Water can cause cracks leading to total wheel failure. If water is used, use
short intermittent bursts.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 76
4. Standard Emergency Response
A. Runway standby positions for ARFF vehicles in anticipation of an emergency should be predetermined in
a written operating procedure. In the event of an emergency, units should go directly to these positions
unless directed elsewhere. Responding units will need the following information concerning the
incident.
a. Nature of the emergency.
b. Aircraft type
c. E.T.A. (estimated time of arrival)
d. If in-flight, the emergency existing.
e. Amount of fuel aboard.
f. Number and locations of passengers and crew.
g. Injuries, if known.
h. Critical cargo (hazardous cargo).
i. Location of aircraft (if landing, which runway: if crashed, the site).
B. The Pilot is in Command
a. The pilot is responsible for the safety of the passengers and crew.
b. We can see where they can’t
c. Our information assists them in decision making
d. Continuously advise pilot of actions you are taking until emergency is terminated
e. The pilot determines if an evacuation is necessary
f. The ARFF commander needs to know the pilot intentions to properly position emergency equipment
and personnel for rescue and firefighting operations
C. While time is essential, ARFF personnel must temper their response with discretion, taking weather,
visibility, terrain, and traffic into consideration. Promptness and safety are equally important response
consideration. The fire department pre-incident plans should include predetermined response routes,
unless unforeseen conditions dictate otherwise. This procedure allows all units to anticipate the action
of other units, with which they operate. In selecting these routes, consider the following.
a. Probable accident sites.
b. Presently available routes.
c. Possible alternative routes.
d. Design of apparatus (weight, height, width, etc.)
e. Load capacity of bridges, ramps, etc.
f. Terrain (rough, even, paved, unpaved, flat, hilly, etc.).
g. Effects of weather.
h. Other obstacles.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 77
5. Positioning Apparatus
Airport firefighting apparatus and other responding units positioned correctly will make rescue and
firefighting operations are to be successful. Because ARFF apparatus often respond single-file, the first
apparatus to the site often establishes the route for the other vehicles and may dictate their approach into
their ultimate firefighting positions. In positioning apparatus, the IC should use the following guidelines.
a. Consider the slope of the ground and wind direction.
b. Do not place vehicles so they block the entry or exit to the accident site.
c. Do not place vehicles in a hazardous position downwind or downhill of a fuel spill.
d. Place vehicles so effective operation can occur in the event of a fire.
e. Place vehicles so they can help in the egress or rescue of persons from the aircraft.
f. Place vehicle so repositioning can occur as easily as possible.
g. Place vehicles so turrets and hand lines can maintain the route of egress if necessary.
As outlined above, the IC must rapidly evaluate several factors when deciding where to place fire apparatus.
6. Windy Conditions
7. Initial Attack
A. Provide egress path for occupants
B. Cool fuselage to provide time for evacuation or extrication
8. Fire Control
A. Fire control may be secondary to protecting egress and cooling fuselage.
9. Firefighter Safety
C. SCBA / PASS alarm.
D. Hearing protection.
E. Eye protection.
F. Personal Protective Clothing (Proximity Suit)
a. Proximity suits for ARFF provide superior radiant and thermal heat protection.
b. Proximity suits design allow for close proximity exposures to high radiant heat.
c. Proximity clothing has a reflective outer covering designed to reflect radiant heat.
d. With the addition of one or more layers of thermal barrier, they also can withstand exposure to
steam, liquids and some weaker chemicals.
G. Personnel accountability, per department SOP.
H. Two in/ two out on all interior Firefighting operations.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 78
I. Types of hazards
a. Jet engines g. Electricity
b. Prop engines h. Hydraulics
c. Military Aircraft i. Oxygen systems
d. Landing gear j. Types of aircraft construction materials
e. Fuel k. Bio Hazard chemicals
f. Tear hazards
J. Evaluate all accidents for hazards and Decontamination per hazard found.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 79
Apparatus Maintenance
Back flushing a fire apparatus
Place hydrant gate valve on hydrant.
Flush hydrant until water runs clear and contains no debris.
First establish a positive water supply and open all discharge valves. Allow water to flow through the rig in non-pump
mode.
Flush for at least five minutes, then shut the hydrant down. Repeat this step with the discharge gates closed halfway.
Hale recommends having the pump shift in pump mode and the transmission in neutral, for the next step.
It would be beneficial before the next step to remove the intake screens. Inspect them, and replace if needed.
Close all discharge valves, connect supply line to the highest discharge and open all intake caps, this will backflush the
lower pump body. These steps will help to identify any stuck or damaged ball gate valves, and will also flush stones
and sand from the pump body.
You can lubricate the ball valves with soapy water. Place dish soap in tank water and exercise the valves. Use spray
lubricant (white lithium) on push pull valves.
Dry vacuum test. Drain the pump body. Remove all discharge caps, valves closed, and place latex gloves over the
outlets before pulling a prime. Industry standard is to achieve 22 Hg in 10 seconds, and it should not drop below 10
inches in less than five minutes. You will be able to locate any pressure leaks by the gloves being pulled into the
discharges.
Placing the apparatus in pump. Open the tank-to-pump valve, discharge the tank water, and refill the tank. This will
remove old stagnant water from the tank, and it allows you to check the tank-to-pump valve function, and backflush
the seals in the valve.
Cleaning the drains. With the pump in gear at idle, open all discharge drains and allow them to flush for two to three
minutes. Next take the pump out of gear and open all intake drains, which will allow hydrant pressure to backflush
these drains. Flush for two to three minutes.
So in just a short time, you have just tested all your discharge and intake valves, tank-to-pump valve, the vacuum
gauge, and the discharge and intake drains for proper operation.
References:
Prep your apparatus as you prep your firefighters, Fire Engineering 02/2013
Hale fire pump back-flushing tips, Notes from engineering
MCFRS Driver Certification Program
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 80
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 81
Basic Air BrakeDiagram
1 – Compressor 2 – Governor 3 – Air Dryer 4 – Supply Reservoir
5 – Front Brake Reservoir 6 – Rear Brake Reservoir 7 – Safety Valve
8 – One-Way Check Valve 9 – Low Pressure Switch 10 – Dash Gauge
11 – Two-Way Check Valve 13 – Limiting and Quick Release Valve 14 – Food Valve
22 – Spring Brake Control/Relay Valve 23 – Service Brake Relay Valve
24 – Tandem Spring brakes 27 – Service Chamber
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 82
Air Brake system basic operation and information
How Air Brake Systems Work
To understand the importance of brake adjustment, it is important to discuss how an air brake system works.
In summary:
1. To apply the brakes, the driver presses down on the “foot valve,” otherwise known as the “brake
pedal.”
2. Air travels from the air tank reservoir through the air lines and into a brake chamber.
3. Inside the brake chamber, the compressed air presses against a rubber diaphragm. The air causes the
diaphragm to expand and push on a pushrod.
4. The pushrod pushes on a slack adjuster, which turns a camshaft.
5. When the camshaft turns, it will twist an S-Cam, which will expand the brake shoes and press the
brake pads against the drum. Should be between ¼” to ¾” of travel, if below drag will occur, if above
it is time to have them adjusted.
The braking force available at each wheel is directly related to how far the pushrod travels. The distance the
pushrod travels is called “stroke.” As the stroke increases, the braking force at the wheel decreases. If the
pushrod travels too far, it will “bottom out,” and there will be no braking force at the wheel.
Under normal circumstances, there is a very small gap between the brake pad and the brake drum. When the
driver presses the brake pedal and charges the system with air, the brake shoes only need to travel a short
distance to press the brake pads against the drum. However, as time passes, the brake pads wear down. As
the brake pads wear down, the pushrod will have to travel a longer distance to press the pads against the
drum. As the pushrod has to travel farther, the braking force at the wheel will decrease. If the pushrod has to
travel too far, it will bottom out, and the braking force at the wheel will be nonexistent. You will not feel this
in the cab, and there is nothing you can do from the driver’s seat. That is why we “get out and get under” the
truck to check adjustment.
A similar situation can occur if the brake drum heats up from overuse. If the vehicle is descending a long hill
or the brakes are being used forcefully in heavy traffic, the brake drum will begin to overheat and expand. As
the drum expands, the pushrod will have to travel a longer distance to press the brake pads against the drum.
As the pushrod stroke increases, the braking force decreases. This is known as brake fade.
If one of the brakes begins to fade, the other brakes will have to work harder to burn off the vehicle’s kinetic
energy. Because the other brakes are working harder, they may begin to overheat and fade as well. This
situation could lead to a “cascade failure” of the braking system as all of the brakes quickly fade one after the
other.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 83
Federal regulations set strict limits on how far a pushrod can travel before it is out of compliance. When
roadside truck enforcement officers inspect a truck, one of the first things they will do is climb underneath
the vehicle and measure the pushrod stroke. The allowable pushrod stroke will depend on the size of the
brake chamber it is attached to. If the pushrod stroke exceeds the federal standard, the truck may be placed
out of service. Furthermore, if the truck is involved in a crash and an investigator determines the brakes were
not properly adjusted, there will be significant legal implications for both the fire department and fire
apparatus operator.
Fire departments must recognize the importance of properly adjusted brakes. The department must find a
certified emergency vehicle technician (EVT) or other qualified person to measure the brake adjustment on a
regular basis. Many brake manufacturers provide training programs that will train fire apparatus operators on
how to inspect and maintain the braking system in-house. Having drivers trained to perform these checks
would be a huge benefit to any fire apparatus safety program.
Fire departments must ensure that the apparatus brakes are regularly inspected. In career departments, fire
apparatus operators should be conducting brake inspections as part of daily truck checks. Brake inspections
should look for obvious issues such as the brakes failing to hold and issues with the air system.
A more detailed inspection of the air brake system should be conducted monthly. The more detailed
inspection should include a trained and qualified inspector measuring the pushrod stroke at each brake
chamber. If a brake is out of adjustment, place the vehicle out of service and turn it over to a qualified EVT
to make repairs. Finding and repairing issues with the brake system will help reduce the risk of a crash and
create a safer working environment.
Air Horns
Grover air horns should be able to operate down to 60PSI, any lower and the horn will not work.
Adjustment of the horn is done by first you need to check if the bushing threads that are exposed forward
of the sound unit show one or two (in most cases). When tuning, hold bell end in one hand and grasp the
complete sound unit with the other. Rotate counterclockwise slightly, only enough to turn bell in or out to
expose the threads slightly forward of the sound unit. A good starting point to tune is when one thread is
exposed. Then, tighten the bell up to the sound unit and test sound. If sound is not pronounced, loosed
unit, and move it slightly 1/8 turn in or out and retry until sound is bright and crisp.
TFFD Apparatus Guidebook Page 84